Gravante Gianpiero, Venditti Dario
Department of Colorectal Surgery, Pilgrim Hospital, Boston, United Kingdom.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2013 Apr;23(2):109-20. doi: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3182827c29.
Low-cost box models (BMs) are a valuable tool alternative to virtual-reality simulators. We aim to provide surgical trainees with a description of most common BMs and to present their validity to achieve basic and advanced laparoscopic skills.
A literature search was undertaken for all studies focusing on BMs, excluded were those presenting data on virtual-reality simulators only. Databases were screened up to December 2011.
Numerous studies focused on various BMs to improve generic tasks (ie, instrument navigation, coordination, and cutting). Only fewer articles described models specific for peculiar operations. All studies showed a significant improvement of basic laparoscopic skills after training with BMs. Furthermore, their low costs make them easily available to most surgical trainees.
BMs should be developed by all surgical trainees during their training. Fields for future improvement regard endoscopy and complex laparoscopic operations for which ad hoc BMs are not available.
低成本箱式模型（BMs）是虚拟现实模拟器的一种有价值的替代工具。我们旨在向外科实习生描述最常见的BMs，并展示其在培养基础和高级腹腔镜技能方面的有效性。
对所有聚焦于BMs的研究进行文献检索，排除那些仅呈现虚拟现实模拟器数据的研究。检索数据库至2011年12月。
众多研究聚焦于各种BMs以改善一般任务（如器械操作、协调和切割）。仅有较少文章描述针对特定手术的模型。所有研究均表明，使用BMs训练后，基础腹腔镜技能有显著提高。此外，其低成本使大多数外科实习生都能轻易获得。
所有外科实习生在培训期间都应使用BMs。未来改进的领域涉及内窥镜检查和尚无专用BMs的复杂腹腔镜手术。
