Møller Anders Pape, de Lope Florentino, Saino Nicola
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bât. A, 7ème étage, 7 quai St. Bernard, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
Age (Dordr). 2005 Dec;27(4):307-18. doi: 10.1007/s11357-005-4557-7. Epub 2006 Feb 17.
A. P. Moller, F. de Lope and N. Saino: Reproduction and migration in relation to senescence in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica: A study of avian 'centenarians'. Senescence reflects the decrease in age-dependent residual reproductive value, and a previous study of a cohort of migratory barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) that had reached advanced ages for this species (at least five years old) provided evidence consistent with senescence such as reduced reproductive performance and increased abundance of parasites. We studied a population of migratory barn swallows over a number of years. Several questions were asked including 1) how do longer lived birds compare to shorter lived individuals of the same species, 2) is there a difference in individuals of the same species that live in different geographical regions, and 3) how do patterns of reproduction change during aging? We compared the phenotypes of 87 individuals from three populations in Denmark, Italy and Spain that had reached at least five years old with those of control individuals matched for sex, arrival date and breeding site. These controls only became one year old, i.e., they were not found thereafter and both groups of individuals were compared in their first year of life. Results showed that there were no significant differences in any of 11 morphological characters or in the abundance of three ectoparasites between the two groups of birds. Females that eventually became very old had relatively smaller first clutches as one year olds than did one year old controls, while males that eventually became very old had mates that laid clutches that were relatively larger than those of controls. Annual fecundity showed a similar pattern, with an increased sex difference in fecundity between birds from Spain than in Italy and in Denmark. Danish barn swallows that achieved older ages had relatively lower haematocrits than control individuals of the same sex, age and arrival date captured at the same site, while the difference in haematocrits between these two categories of individuals was small for Italian birds. Spring arrival date was relatively earlier in Danish males that eventually became very old compared to control males of the same age and tail length (a correlate of fitness) that arrived at the same site, while the two age categories of females did not differ in arrival date. In the Spanish population there was no difference in arrival date between the birds that aged most successfully and controls for either sex. We will discuss these findings in relation to current senescence theories.
A.P. 莫勒、F. 德洛佩和N. 萨伊诺：家燕（Hirundo rustica）衰老过程中的繁殖与迁徙：对鸟类“百岁老人”的研究。衰老反映了年龄依赖性剩余繁殖价值的下降，此前一项对一群达到该物种高龄（至少五岁）的迁徙家燕（Hirundo rustica）的研究提供了与衰老相符的证据，比如繁殖性能下降和寄生虫数量增加。我们对一群迁徙家燕进行了多年研究。提出了几个问题，包括1）寿命较长的鸟类与同一物种中寿命较短的个体相比如何？2）生活在不同地理区域的同一物种个体之间是否存在差异？3）衰老过程中繁殖模式如何变化？我们将来自丹麦、意大利和西班牙三个种群的87只至少五岁的个体的表型与按性别、到达日期和繁殖地点匹配的对照个体的表型进行了比较。这些对照个体仅一岁，即此后未再被发现，两组个体在其生命的第一年进行了比较。结果表明，两组鸟类在11个形态特征中的任何一个或三种体外寄生虫的数量上均无显著差异。最终变得非常年老的雌性一岁时的第一窝卵相对比一岁的对照个体小，而最终变得非常年老的雄性的配偶所产的窝卵相对比对照个体的大。年繁殖力呈现出类似的模式，西班牙鸟类的繁殖力性别差异比意大利和丹麦的鸟类更大。达到较高年龄的丹麦家燕的血细胞比容相对低于在同一地点捕获的相同性别、年龄和到达日期的对照个体，而对于意大利鸟类，这两类个体之间的血细胞比容差异较小。最终变得非常年老的丹麦雄性春季到达日期相对比相同年龄和尾长（适合度的一个相关指标）且到达同一地点的对照雄性更早，而两类雌性在到达日期上没有差异。在西班牙种群中，最成功衰老的鸟类与对照个体在到达日期上对于两性均无差异。我们将结合当前的衰老理论来讨论这些发现。
