Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):e1443-50. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3073. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
To examine food-related parenting practices (pressure-to-eat and food restriction) among mothers and fathers of adolescents and associations with adolescent weight status within a large population-based sample of racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse parent-adolescent pairs.
Adolescents (N = 2231; 14.4 years old [SD = 2.0]) and their parents (N = 3431) participated in 2 coordinated population-based studies designed to examine factors associated with weight status and weight-related behaviors in adolescents. Adolescents completed anthropometric measurements and surveys at school. Parents (or other caregivers) completed questionnaires via mail or phone.
Findings suggest that the use of controlling food-related parenting practices, including pressure-to-eat and restriction, is common among parents of adolescents. Mean restriction levels were significantly higher among parents of overweight and obese adolescents compared with nonoverweight adolescents. However, levels of pressure-to-eat were significantly higher among nonoverweight adolescents. Results indicate that fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in pressure-to-eat behaviors and boys are more likely than girls to be on the receiving end of parental pressure-to-eat. Parental report of restriction did not differ significantly by parent or adolescent gender. No significant interactions by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status were seen in the relationship between restriction or pressure-to-eat and adolescent weight status.
Given that there is accumulating evidence for the detrimental effects of controlling feeding practices on children's ability to self-regulate energy intake, these findings suggest that parents should be educated and empowered through anticipatory guidance to encourage moderation rather than overconsumption and emphasize healthful food choices rather than restrictive eating patterns.
在一个基于大样本的种族/民族和社会经济多样化的父母-青少年配对群体中，研究青少年的父母在与食物相关的养育实践（进食压力和食物限制）方面的情况，并探讨这些实践与青少年体重状况之间的关联。
共有 2231 名青少年（14.4 岁[标准差=2.0]）及其 3431 名家长参与了这两项旨在研究与青少年体重状况和与体重相关行为相关因素的、相互协调的基于人群的研究。青少年在学校完成了人体测量和调查，家长（或其他照顾者）通过邮件或电话完成了问卷调查。
研究结果表明，在青少年的父母中，使用控制与食物相关的养育实践（包括进食压力和限制）的现象很常见。超重和肥胖青少年的家长限制水平明显高于非超重青少年。然而，非超重青少年的进食压力水平明显更高。研究结果表明，父亲比母亲更有可能采取进食压力行为，男孩比女孩更有可能成为父母施加进食压力的对象。父母报告的限制程度在父母或青少年的性别方面没有显著差异。在限制或进食压力与青少年体重状况之间的关系中，没有观察到种族/民族或社会经济地位的显著交互作用。
鉴于控制喂养实践对儿童自我调节能量摄入能力的不利影响的证据越来越多，这些发现表明，应通过预期指导教育和增强父母的能力，鼓励适度而不是过度消费，并强调健康的食物选择，而不是限制饮食模式。
