MicroRNAs as new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in urological tumors.

MicroRNAs are single-stranded regulatory molecules that play an important role during carcinogenesis. Since microRNA expressions are deregulated in cancer and they have proven to be very stable in clinical specimens, they have become attractive molecules as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis, as well as for prediction of therapy response and surveillance, of cancer. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on microRNAs in tissue and body fluids of patients suffering from urological tumors and their utilization as noninvasive or tissue markers for detection and stratification of these tumors.