Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia s.n., E-08038 Barcelona, Spain.
Am J Bot. 2013 May;100(5):867-82. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1200058. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Tribe Cardueae (thistles) forms one of the largest tribes in the family Compositae (2400 species), with representatives in almost every continent. The greatest species richness of Cardueae occurs in the Mediterranean region where it forms an important element of its flora. New fossil evidence and a nearly resolved phylogeny of Cardueae are used here to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of this group. •
We performed maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA markers. Divergence times and ancestral area reconstructions for main lineages were estimated using penalized likelihood and dispersal-vicariance analyses, respectively, and integrated over the posterior distribution of the phylogeny from the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis to accommodate uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships. •
The phylogeny shows that subtribe Cardopatiinae is sister to the remaining subtribes, and subtribes Carlininae and Echinopsinae appear as consecutive sister-clades to the Carduinae/Centaureinae. Tribe Cardueae is inferred to have originated around the Mid Eocene in West Asia, which is also the ancestral area of most subtribes within Cardueae. Diversification within each subtribe began during the Oligocene-Miocene period. •
Most diversification events within Cardueae are related to the continuous cycles of area connection and division between the Anatolian microplate and the western Mediterranean Basin during the Oligocene-Miocene and with the uplift of the Himalayan range from the Miocene onward. From these two regions, thistles dispersed and colonized the rest of the continents (e.g., the New World, Africa, and Australia), most likely during the colder Pliocene-Pleistocene period.
蓟族（蓟属）是菊科（2400 种）中最大的族之一，几乎在每个大陆都有代表。蓟族的物种丰富度最大的地区是地中海地区，那里是其植物区系的重要组成部分。新的化石证据和蓟族几乎已解决的系统发育关系用于重建该类群的时空演化。
我们基于核核糖体 DNA 和叶绿体 DNA 标记进行了最大简约法和贝叶斯系统发育推断。使用惩罚似然法和扩散方差分析分别估计了主要谱系的分歧时间和祖先区域重建，并且将其综合在贝叶斯马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗分析的系统发育后验分布中，以适应系统发育关系的不确定性。
系统发育表明，亚族 Cardopatiinae 与其余亚族是姐妹群，而亚族 Carlininae 和 Echinopsinae 则与 Carduinae/Centaureinae 是连续的姐妹群。蓟族被推断起源于中始新世的西亚，这也是蓟族内大多数亚族的祖先区域。每个亚族内的多样化始于渐新世-中新世时期。
蓟族内的大多数多样化事件都与渐新世-中新世期间安纳托利亚微板块与西地中海盆地之间的连续区域连接和分裂循环以及从中新世开始喜马拉雅山脉的隆起有关。蓟类从这两个地区扩散并殖民了其他大陆（如新世、非洲和澳大利亚），很可能是在更冷的上新世-更新世时期。
