Diagnosis and management of fetal heart failure.

Congestive fetal heart failure, defined as inability of the heart to deliver adequate blood flow to organs such as the brain, liver, and kidneys, is a common final outcome of many intrauterine disease states that may lead to fetal demise. Advances in fetal medicine during the past 3 decades now provide the diagnostic tools to detect and also treat conditions that may lead to fetal heart failure. Fetal echocardiographic findings depend on severity of diastolic and systolic dysfunction of both ventricles. At an advanced stage, findings include cardiomegaly; valvar regurgitation; venous congestion; fetal edema and effusions; oligohydramnios; and preferential shunting of blood flow to the brain, heart, and adrenals in the distressed fetus. A useful diagnostic tool to quantify severity of heart failure is the cardiovascular profile score, which is a composite score based on 5 different echocardiographic parameters. To predict outcomes, the score should be interpreted in the context of the underlying disease, as different causes of intrauterine heart failure may have highly variable outcomes. Low fetal cardiac output may result from a myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, ischemia), abnormal loading conditions (arterial hypertension, obstructive structural heart disease, atrioventricular malformations, twin-to-twin transfusion), arrhythmia, or external cardiac compression (pleural and/or pericardial effusions, cardiac tumours). Treatment options are available for several of these conditions.