Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
Adv Mar Biol. 2013;64:149-200. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-410466-2.00005-4.
The Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus lives at low-light depths, in muddy substrata of high organic content where water salinities are high and fluctuations in temperature are moderate. In this environment, the lobsters are naturally exposed to a number of potential stressors, many of them as a result of the surficial breakdown of organic material in the sediment. This process (early diagenesis) creates a heterogeneous environment with temporal and spatial fluctuations in a number of compounds such as oxygen, ammonia, metals, and hydrogen sulphide. In addition to this, there are anthropogenically generated stressors, such as human-induced climate change (resulting in elevated temperature and ocean acidification), pollution and fishing. The lobsters are thus exposed to several stressors, which are strongly linked to the habitat in which the animals live. Here, the capacity of Nephrops to deal with these stressors is summarised. Eutrophication-induced hypoxia and subsequent metal remobilisation from the sediment is a well-documented effect found in some wild Nephrops populations. Compared to many other crustacean species, Nephrops is well adapted to tolerate periods of hypoxia, but prolonged or severe hypoxia, beyond their tolerance level, is common in some areas. When the oxygen concentration in the environment decreases, the bioavailability of redox-sensitive metals such as manganese increases. Manganese is an essential metal, which, taken up in excess, has a toxic effect on several internal systems such as chemosensitivity, nerve transmission and immune defence. Since sediment contains high concentrations of metals in comparison to sea water, lobsters may accumulate both essential and non-essential metals. Different metals have different target tissues, though the hepatopancreas, in general, accumulates high concentrations of most metals. The future scenario of increasing anthropogenic influences on Nephrops habitats may have adverse effects on the fitness of the animals.
挪威海螯虾 Nephrops norvegicus 生活在低光照深度，在高有机含量的泥泞底层，那里的水盐度高，温度波动适中。在这种环境中，龙虾自然会受到许多潜在压力源的影响，其中许多是由于沉积物中表面有机物质的分解而产生的。这个过程（早期成岩作用）创造了一个不均匀的环境，其中一些化合物（如氧气、氨、金属和硫化氢）在时间和空间上存在波动。除此之外，还有人为产生的压力源，如人为引起的气候变化（导致温度升高和海洋酸化）、污染和捕捞。因此，龙虾会受到多种压力源的影响，这些压力源与动物生活的栖息地密切相关。在这里，总结了挪威海螯虾处理这些压力源的能力。富营养化引起的缺氧和随后金属从沉积物中的再移动是在一些野生挪威海螯虾种群中发现的一个有充分记录的效应。与许多其他甲壳类动物相比，挪威海螯虾很好地适应了耐受缺氧期，但在一些地区，长时间或严重的缺氧超出了它们的耐受水平。当环境中的氧气浓度降低时，氧化还原敏感金属（如锰）的生物利用度增加。锰是一种必需金属，过量摄入会对许多内部系统（如化学敏感性、神经传递和免疫防御）产生毒性作用。由于沉积物中金属的浓度比海水高，龙虾可能会积累必需和非必需的金属。不同的金属有不同的靶组织，但一般来说，肝胰腺会积累大多数金属的高浓度。未来人为对挪威海螯虾栖息地的影响增加的情景可能会对动物的适应能力产生不利影响。
