The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2012 Nov;33(5):1095-101. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.011. Epub 2012 Sep 5.
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is causing global warming, which affects oceans by elevating water temperature and reducing pH. Crustaceans have been considered tolerant to ocean acidification because of their retained capacity to calcify during subnormal pH. However, we report here that significant immune suppression of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, occurs after a 4-month exposure to ocean acidification (OA) at a level predicted for the year 2100 (hypercapnic seawater with a pH lowered by 0.4 units). Experiments carried out at different temperatures (5, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18°C) demonstrated that the temperature within this range alone did not affect lobster immune responses. In the OA-treatment, hemocyte numbers were reduced by almost 50% and the phagocytic capacity of the remaining hemocytes was inhibited by 60%. The reduction in hemocyte numbers was not due to increased apoptosis in hematopoetic tissue. Cellular responses to stress were investigated through evaluating advanced glycation end products (AGE) and lipid oxidation in lobster hepatopancreata, and OA-treatment was shown to significantly increase AGEs', indicating stress-induced protein alterations. Furthermore, the extracellular pH of lobster hemolymph was reduced by approximately 0.2 units in the OA-treatment group, indicating either limited pH compensation or buffering capacity. The negative effects of OA-treatment on the nephropidae immune response and tissue homeostasis were more pronounced at higher temperatures (12-18°C versus 5°C), which may potentially affect disease severity and spread. Our results signify that ocean acidification may have adverse effects on the physiology of lobsters, which previously had been overlooked in studies of basic parameters such as lobster growth or calcification.
大气中二氧化碳浓度的上升正在导致全球变暖，这通过提高水温并降低 pH 值来影响海洋。甲壳类动物被认为对海洋酸化具有耐受性，因为它们在 pH 值异常时仍具有钙化的能力。然而，我们在此报告，在经历了 4 个月的海洋酸化（OA）暴露后，挪威海螯虾（Nephrops norvegicus）的免疫系统受到了显著抑制，这种 OA 水平预计将出现在 2100 年（高二氧化碳海水，pH 值降低 0.4 个单位）。在不同温度（5、10、12、14、16 和 18°C）下进行的实验表明，该范围内的温度本身不会影响龙虾的免疫反应。在 OA 处理中，血细胞数量减少了近 50%，而剩余血细胞的吞噬能力则受到了 60%的抑制。血细胞数量的减少不是由于造血组织中凋亡的增加。通过评估龙虾肝胰腺中的晚期糖基化终产物（AGE）和脂质氧化来研究细胞对压力的反应，结果表明 OA 处理显著增加了 AGE，表明应激诱导的蛋白质改变。此外，龙虾血淋巴的细胞外 pH 值在 OA 处理组中降低了约 0.2 个单位，表明 pH 值补偿或缓冲能力有限。OA 处理对龙虾的免疫反应和组织内稳态的负面影响在较高温度（12-18°C 与 5°C）下更为明显，这可能会潜在地影响疾病的严重程度和传播。我们的研究结果表明，海洋酸化可能对龙虾的生理产生负面影响，这在研究龙虾生长或钙化等基本参数时被忽视了。
