Department of Food and Nutrition, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Gender Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014 Feb;27(1):41-53. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12125. Epub 2013 May 24.
Food habits, nutrient needs and intakes differ between males and females, although few nutritional studies on patients with coeliac disease (CD) have reported results stratified by gender.
To compare energy and nutrient intakes among 13-year olds diagnosed with CD in early childhood with those of a non-coeliac (NC) age- and gender-matched control group, and also with estimated average requirements (EAR).
A case-control study was conducted in Sweden 2006-2007 within the coeliac screening study ETICS (Exploring The Iceberg of Coeliacs in Sweden). Dietary intake was assessed among 37 adolescents (23 girls) diagnosed with CD at median age 1.7 years (CD group) and 805 (430 girls) NC controls (NC group) using a food-frequency questionnaire covering 4 weeks. Reported energy intake was validated by comparison with the calculated physical activity level (PAL).
Regardless of CD status, most adolescents reported an intake above EAR for most nutrients. However, both groups had a low intake of vitamin C, with 13% in the CD-group and 25% in the NC-group below EAR, and 21% of boys in the CD-group below EAR for thiamine. The intake of fatty acids was unbalanced, with a high intake of saturated and a low intake of unsaturated fats. Girls and boys in the CD-group had an overall lower nutrient density in reported food intake compared to girls and boys in the NC-group.
Nutrient intake of adolescent girls and boys with CD was mostly comparable to intakes of NC controls. Dietitians should take the opportunity to reinforce a generally healthy diet when providing information about the gluten-free diet.
尽管针对乳糜泻（CD）患者的营养研究很少按性别进行分层，但男性和女性的饮食习惯、营养需求和摄入量存在差异。
比较幼年确诊的 CD 患者与非乳糜泻（NC）年龄和性别匹配的对照组 13 岁青少年的能量和营养素摄入量，并与估计平均需求量（EAR）进行比较。
2006-2007 年，在瑞典的乳糜泻筛查研究 ETICS（探索瑞典乳糜泻冰山一角）中进行了一项病例对照研究。使用涵盖 4 周的食物频率问卷评估了 37 名（23 名女孩）在中位数年龄 1.7 岁（CD 组）和 805 名（430 名女孩）NC 对照者（NC 组）中确诊 CD 时的饮食摄入情况。通过与计算得出的体力活动水平（PAL）进行比较来验证报告的能量摄入量。
无论 CD 状态如何，大多数青少年报告的大多数营养素摄入量均高于 EAR。然而，两组的维生素 C 摄入量均较低，CD 组有 13%和 NC 组有 25%的人低于 EAR，CD 组有 21%的男孩低于 EAR 的硫胺素摄入量。脂肪酸的摄入量不平衡，饱和脂肪酸摄入量高，不饱和脂肪酸摄入量低。CD 组的女孩和男孩的报告食物摄入量的整体营养素密度均低于 NC 组的女孩和男孩。
CD 青少年女孩和男孩的营养素摄入量与 NC 对照组的摄入量大致相当。营养师在提供无麸质饮食信息时，应抓住机会加强一般健康饮食的教育。
