Medlock J M, Vaux A G C
Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
J Vector Ecol. 2013 Jun;38(1):53-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12008.x.
Coastal realignment is now widely instituted in the UK as part of local flood risk management plans to compensate for the loss of European protected habitat and to mitigate the effects of sea-level rise and coastal squeeze. Coastal aquatic habitats have long been known to provide suitable habitats for brackish-water mosquitoes and historically, coastal marshes were considered to support anopheline mosquito populations that were responsible for local malaria transmission. This study surveyed the eight largest managed realignment (MRA) sites in England (Essex and the Humber) for mosquito habitats. The apparent absence of anopheline mosquitoes exploiting aquatic habitats at all of these sites suggests that the risk of malaria associated with MRA sites is currently negligible. However, three of the eight sites supported populations of two nuisance and potential arboviral vector species, Aedes detritus and Aedes caspius. The aquatic habitats that supported mosquitoes resulted from a) specific design aspects of the new sea wall (ballast to mitigate wave action and constructed saline borrow ditches) that could be designed out or managed or b) isolated pools created through silt accretion or expansion of flooded zones to neighbouring pasture. The public health risks and recommendations for management are discussed in this report. This report highlights the need for pro-active public health impact assessments prior to MRA development in consultation with the Health Protection Agency, as well as the need for a case-by-case approach to design and management to mitigate mosquito or mosquito-borne disease issues now and in the future.
在英国，海岸调整现已广泛实施，作为当地洪水风险管理计划的一部分，以补偿欧洲受保护栖息地的损失，并减轻海平面上升和海岸挤压的影响。长期以来，人们都知道沿海水生栖息地为咸水蚊子提供了适宜的栖息地，从历史上看，沿海沼泽被认为是支持按蚊种群的地方，这些按蚊会传播当地的疟疾。本研究调查了英格兰（埃塞克斯郡和亨伯地区）八个最大的人工海岸调整（MRA）地点的蚊子栖息地。在所有这些地点，明显没有发现按蚊利用水生栖息地，这表明与MRA地点相关的疟疾风险目前可以忽略不计。然而，八个地点中的三个地点有两种令人讨厌的潜在虫媒病毒传播媒介物种——碎屑伊蚊和里海伊蚊。支持蚊子生存的水生栖息地是由以下原因造成的：a）新海堤的特定设计方面（用于减轻波浪作用的压载物和建造的咸水取土沟），这些可以在设计时排除或进行管理；b）通过淤泥堆积或淹没区域向邻近牧场扩展而形成的孤立水池。本报告讨论了公共卫生风险及管理建议。本报告强调，在与健康保护局协商后，在进行MRA开发之前需要进行积极的公共卫生影响评估，以及需要采取逐案处理的方法进行设计和管理，以减轻现在和未来的蚊子或蚊媒疾病问题。
