Medlock Jolyon M, Vaux Alexander G C
Medical Entomology group, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
Parasit Vectors. 2015 Mar 3;8:142. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0751-3.
The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is increasing in Europe, partly due to the incursion of a number of invasive species known to be vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses, but also due to the involvement of native species in the transmission of West Nile virus and malaria. For some of these pathogens, there is a risk of the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases that were once widespread in Europe, but declined partly due to large-scale land-drainage projects. Some mosquito species exploit container habitats as breeding sites in urban areas; an adaptation to human-made micro-habitats resulting from increased urbanisation. However, many species thrive in natural wetland ecosystems. Owing to the impacts of climate change there is an urgent need for environmental adaptation, such as the creation of new wetlands to mitigate coastal and inland flooding. In some cases, these initiatives can be coupled with environmental change strategies to protect a range of endangered flora and fauna species by enhancing and extending wetland landscapes, which may by driven by European legislation, particularly in urban areas. This paper reviews field studies conducted in England to assess the impact of newly created wetlands on mosquito colonisation in a) coastal, b) urban and c) arable reversion habitats. It also considers the impact of wetland management on mosquito populations and explores the implications of various water and vegetation management options on the range of British mosquito species. Understanding the impact of wetland creation and management strategies on mosquito prevalence and the potential risk of increasing the levels of nuisance or disease vector species will be crucial in informing health and well-being risk assessments, guiding targeted control, and anticipating the social effects of extreme weather and climate change. Although new wetlands will certainly extend aquatic habitats for mosquitoes, not all species will become a major nuisance or a vector concern as a result. Understanding how the design and management of wetlands might exacerbate mosquito densities is crucial if we are to manage nuisance mosquitoes and control vector species in the event of a disease outbreak. This entomological evidence-base will ensure that control strategies achieve optimal efficacy at minimal cost.
在欧洲，蚊媒疾病的发病率正在上升，部分原因是一些已知为登革热和基孔肯雅病毒传播媒介的入侵物种的侵入，也归因于本土物种参与了西尼罗河病毒和疟疾的传播。对于其中一些病原体来说，曾经在欧洲广泛传播但部分因大规模土地排水项目而减少的蚊媒疾病存在再次出现的风险。一些蚊子种类利用城市地区的容器栖息地作为繁殖地；这是城市化加剧导致的对人造微生境的一种适应。然而，许多种类在天然湿地生态系统中也很繁盛。由于气候变化的影响，迫切需要进行环境适应，比如创建新的湿地以减轻沿海和内陆洪水。在某些情况下，这些举措可以与环境变化战略相结合，通过加强和扩展湿地景观来保护一系列濒危动植物物种，这可能是由欧洲立法推动的，尤其是在城市地区。本文回顾了在英国进行的实地研究，以评估新创建的湿地对a）沿海、b）城市和c）耕地恢复栖息地中蚊子定殖的影响。它还考虑了湿地管理对蚊子种群的影响，并探讨了各种水和植被管理选项对英国蚊子种类范围的影响。了解湿地创建和管理策略对蚊子流行率的影响以及增加滋扰或病媒物种水平的潜在风险，对于进行健康和福祉风险评估、指导有针对性的控制以及预测极端天气和气候变化的社会影响至关重要。虽然新的湿地肯定会为蚊子扩展水生栖息地，但并非所有物种都会因此成为主要的滋扰源或病媒问题。如果我们要在疾病爆发时管理滋扰性蚊子并控制病媒物种，了解湿地的设计和管理如何可能加剧蚊子密度至关重要。这一昆虫学证据基础将确保控制策略以最低成本实现最佳效果。
