Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA and Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2013 Jan;3(1):403-28. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c110063.
Scientific evidence based on neuroimaging approaches over the last decade has demonstrated the efficacy of physical activity improving cognitive health across the human lifespan. Aerobic fitness spares age-related loss of brain tissue during aging, and enhances functional aspects of higher order regions involved in the control of cognition. More active or higher fit individuals are capable of allocating greater attentional resources toward the environment and are able to process information more quickly. These data are suggestive that aerobic fitness enhances cognitive strategies enabling to respond effectively to an imposed challenge with a better yield in task performance. In turn, animal studies have shown that exercise has a benevolent action on health and plasticity of the nervous system. New evidence indicates that exercise exerts its effects on cognition by affecting molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. An important instigator in the molecular machinery stimulated by exercise is brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acts at the interface of metabolism and plasticity. Recent studies show that exercise collaborates with other aspects of lifestyle to influence the molecular substrates of cognition. In particular, select dietary factors share similar mechanisms with exercise, and in some cases they can complement the action of exercise. Therefore, exercise and dietary management appear as a noninvasive and effective strategy to counteract neurological and cognitive disorders.
基于神经影像学方法的科学证据表明，体育活动可以改善整个人类生命周期的认知健康。有氧健身可以避免衰老过程中大脑组织的老化，增强与认知控制相关的高级区域的功能方面。更活跃或更高适应能力的个体能够将更多的注意力资源分配到环境中，并能够更快地处理信息。这些数据表明，有氧健身可以增强认知策略，从而能够更有效地应对挑战，从而在任务表现中获得更好的收益。反过来，动物研究表明，运动对神经系统的健康和可塑性具有良性作用。新的证据表明，运动通过影响与能量代谢和突触可塑性管理相关的分子事件来发挥对认知的影响。运动刺激的分子机制中的一个重要启动子是脑源性神经营养因子，它作用于代谢和可塑性的界面。最近的研究表明，运动与生活方式的其他方面合作，影响认知的分子基质。特别是，某些饮食因素与运动具有相似的机制，在某些情况下，它们可以补充运动的作用。因此，运动和饮食管理似乎是一种非侵入性和有效的策略，可以对抗神经和认知障碍。
