Department of Endocrinology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, West Heidelberg, Australia, 3081.
J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(6):503-8. doi: 10.1007/s12603-013-0042-7.
[corrected] Institutionalized elderly are at high risk of malnutrition, including those residing in low-level aged-care and able to self-feed. We used comprehensive dietary intake assessments to determine the nutritional adequacy of food served to residents and if food waste contributed to insufficient nutrient intakes.
Cross sectional.
18 low-level aged care facilities.
199 residents (mean age 86.7 yrs, 76% females).
Dietary data using 3-6 day weighed food records. Foods were categorized into main food groups (grains, fruit, vegetables, meats, dairy and 'extra') and quantified based on recommended serving sizes. Chi squared test was used to determine sex differences in proportion of residents below recommended intake levels.
Residents were provided with sufficient serves of fruit (>2) and meats (>1), but not dairy (<3), vegetables (<5) and grain foods (women only, <4), and excess serves of 'extra' foods (>2). Mean dietary intakes did not meet recommendations for calcium, zinc, magnesium, potassium, folate and dietary fibre with many residents not meeting energy and protein requirements. Sodium intake was up to 3 times higher than recommended, and sugars consumed in excess. Food waste was 0-15% and resulted in men not consuming recommended serves of grain foods. 'Extra' foods contributed substantially to energy intake but provided few of the required nutrients.
Substituting some 'extra' foods for serves of dairy, vegetables and wholegrain foods would improve the nutritional quality of foods, without altering food volume, so is feasible to improve nutritional status in elderly aged-care residents.
[更正]机构化老年人存在营养不良的高风险，包括那些居住在低水平老年护理机构且能够自行进食的老年人。我们使用综合膳食摄入量评估来确定提供给居民的食物的营养充足性，以及食物浪费是否导致营养素摄入不足。
横断面研究。
18 个低水平老年护理机构。
199 名居民（平均年龄 86.7 岁，76%为女性）。
使用 3-6 天的称重食物记录进行膳食数据收集。食物分为主要食物组（谷物、水果、蔬菜、肉类、乳制品和“额外”食物），并根据推荐的份量进行量化。卡方检验用于确定男女居民在推荐摄入量以下的比例差异。
居民获得了足够的水果（>2 份）和肉类（>1 份）供应，但乳制品（<3 份）、蔬菜（<5 份）和谷物食品（仅女性，<4 份）供应不足，“额外”食物（>2 份）供应过多。平均膳食摄入量未达到钙、锌、镁、钾、叶酸和膳食纤维的推荐摄入量，许多居民未满足能量和蛋白质需求。钠摄入量高达推荐量的 3 倍，且摄入过多的糖。食物浪费为 0-15%，导致男性无法摄入推荐量的谷物食品。“额外”食物虽然提供了大量的能量，但提供的必需营养素很少。
用乳制品、蔬菜和全谷物食品替代部分“额外”食物，可在不改变食物量的情况下提高食物的营养质量，从而改善老年护理机构中老年人的营养状况。
