School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:461-85. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115151. Epub 2013 Jun 7.
Traditionally, group research has focused more on the motivations that make people conform than on the motivations and conditions underpinning deviance and dissent. This has led to a literature that focuses on the value that groups place on uniformity and paints a relatively dark picture of dissent and deviance: as reflections of a lack of group loyalty, as signs of disengagement, or as delinquent behavior. An alternative point of view, which has gained momentum in recent years, focuses on deviance and dissent as normal and healthy aspects of group life. In this review, we focus on the motivations that group members have to deviate and dissent, and the functional as well as the dysfunctional effects of deviance and dissent. In doing so we aim for a balanced and complete account of deviance and dissent, highlighting when such behaviors will be encouraged as well as when they will be punished.
传统上，群体研究更侧重于使人们从众的动机，而不是使人们偏离和反对的动机和条件。这导致了这样一种文献，它侧重于群体对一致性的重视，并对偏离和反对描绘了一幅相对黑暗的图景：作为缺乏群体忠诚的反映，作为脱离的迹象，或者作为犯罪行为。近年来，另一种观点逐渐兴起，它将偏离和反对视为群体生活的正常和健康的方面。在这篇综述中，我们专注于群体成员偏离和反对的动机，以及偏离和反对的功能和非功能影响。这样做的目的是对偏离和反对有一个平衡和完整的描述，强调什么时候会鼓励这种行为，什么时候会惩罚这种行为。
