1 University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2019 May;45(5):740-753. doi: 10.1177/0146167218796785. Epub 2018 Sep 29.
Openness to criticism and dissenting opinions is enormously important to group decision-making. Past research has found that people are more persuaded by criticism of their group when it comes from fellow ingroup members rather than outgroup members. But this ingroup advantage is not boundless. Three experiments demonstrate that the ingroup advantage related to openness to criticism is erased when perceivers feel their group is under threat. The results further suggest that the psychological mechanism underlying defensive responses to criticism is attributional-Threat elicits greater suspicion of ingroup critics' motives, which eliminates the ingroup critic's advantage relative to outgroup critics. A final experiment tests an intervention designed to increase openness to criticism and finds that reminders of the importance of dissent and free speech emerge as an effective remedy to increase the persuasiveness of criticism despite high threat.
对批评和不同意见持开放态度对群体决策极为重要。过去的研究发现，当批评来自群体内成员而不是群体外成员时，人们更容易被说服。但这种群体内优势并非无限的。三项实验表明，当感知者感到自己的群体受到威胁时，与对批评的开放性相关的群体内优势就会消失。研究结果进一步表明，对批评做出防御性反应的心理机制是归因性的——威胁会引发对群体内批评者动机更大的怀疑，从而消除了群体内批评者相对于群体外批评者的优势。最后一项实验检验了一种旨在增加对批评的开放性的干预措施，发现尽管存在高度威胁，但对异议和言论自由重要性的提醒会成为增加批评说服力的有效补救措施。
