School of Biomedical & Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
Nutrients. 2013 May 29;5(6):1869-912. doi: 10.3390/nu5061869.
Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in combination with prebiotics, (indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health benefit on the host via products resulting from anaerobic fermentation. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the immune-modulatory ability of probiotic bacteria, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that this is potentiated via a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as a symbiotic mix. The need for probiotic formulations has been appreciated for the health benefits in "topping up your good bacteria" or indeed in an attempt to normalise the dysbiotic microbiota associated with immunopathology. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics and prebiotics on the cells, molecules and immune responses in the gut mucosae, from epithelial barrier to priming of adaptive responses by antigen presenting cells: immune fate decision-tolerance or activation? Modulation of normal homeostatic mechanisms, coupled with findings from probiotic and prebiotic delivery in pathological studies, will highlight the role for these xenobiotics in dysbiosis associated with immunopathology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and hypersensitivity.
益生菌是有益的微生物，对宿主具有实际的健康益处，与益生元（不可消化的膳食纤维/碳水化合物）结合使用，通过厌氧发酵产生的产物也对宿主具有健康益处。越来越多的证据记录了益生菌细菌的免疫调节能力，因此可以合理地假设，通过益生元和益生菌的组合作为共生混合物来增强这种能力。人们已经认识到需要益生菌制剂来获得“补充有益细菌”的健康益处，或者实际上是为了使与免疫病理学相关的生态失调微生物群正常化。本综述将重点讨论益生菌和益生元对肠道黏膜细胞、分子和免疫反应的免疫调节作用，从上皮屏障到抗原呈递细胞的适应性反应的启动：免疫命运决定——耐受还是激活？正常动态平衡机制的调节，加上病理性研究中益生菌和益生元传递的发现，将突出这些外源性物质在与炎症性肠病、结直肠癌和过敏相关的免疫病理学中的生态失调中的作用。
