ImmunoBiology Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:461230. doi: 10.1155/2013/461230. Epub 2013 May 25.
Adjuvants were reintroduced into modern immunology as the dirty little secret of immunologists by Janeway and thus began the molecular definition of innate immunity. It is now clear that the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates the innate immune response and provides the host with a rapid mechanism for detecting infection by pathogens and initiates adaptive immunity. Ironically, in addition to advancing the basic science of immunology, Janeway's revelation on induction of the adaptive system has also spurred an era of rational vaccine design that exploits PRRs. Thus, defined PAMPs that bind to known PRRs are being specifically coupled to antigens to improve their immunogenicity. However, while PAMPs efficiently activate the innate immune response, they do not mediate the capture of antigen that is required to elicit the specific responses of the acquired immune system. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that are found complexed to client polypeptides and have been studied as potential cancer vaccines. In addition to binding PRRs and activating the innate immune response, HSPs have been shown to both induce the maturation of APCs and provide chaperoned polypeptides for specific triggering of the acquired immune response.
佐剂作为免疫学家的“肮脏小秘密”重新被引入现代免疫学，这标志着固有免疫的分子定义的开始。现在很清楚，模式识别受体（PRRs）在抗原呈递细胞（APCs）上结合病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）会激活固有免疫反应，并为宿主提供一种快速检测病原体感染的机制，并启动适应性免疫。具有讽刺意味的是，除了推进免疫学的基础科学外，Janeway 关于诱导适应性系统的发现也推动了利用 PRRs 的合理疫苗设计时代。因此，正在将与已知 PRRs 结合的特定 PAMPs 与抗原特异性偶联，以提高其免疫原性。然而，虽然 PAMPs 能够有效地激活固有免疫反应，但它们不能介导捕获抗原，而抗原是引发获得性免疫系统特异性反应所必需的。热休克蛋白（HSPs）是一种分子伴侣，与客户多肽复合物存在，并被研究作为潜在的癌症疫苗。除了结合 PRRs 和激活固有免疫反应外，HSPs 还被证明可以诱导 APC 的成熟，并为获得性免疫反应的特异性触发提供伴侣多肽。
