Warren John Robert, Saliba Jim
Department of Sociology, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota.
Educ Res. 2012 Nov;41(8):320-329. doi: 10.3102/0013189X12457813.
How many students repeat a grade each year? How do retention rates vary across states and over time? Despite extensive research on the predictors and consequences of grade retention, there is no systematic way to quantify state-level retention rates; even national estimates rely on imperfect proxy measures. We present a conceptually simple method-based on publicly available data that are routinely collected each year-that describes retention rates at the state and national levels. After describing and validating this method, we employ it to report first through eighth grade public school retention rates for 2002-003 through 2008-09 for the entire country and for each state.
每年有多少学生留级？留级率在各州之间以及随时间如何变化？尽管对留级的预测因素和后果进行了广泛研究，但尚无系统方法来量化州一级的留级率；即使是全国性的估计也依赖于不完美的替代指标。我们提出了一种概念上简单的方法——基于每年定期收集的公开可用数据——来描述州和国家层面的留级率。在描述并验证了这种方法之后，我们运用它来报告2002 - 2003学年至2008 - 2009学年整个美国以及每个州从一年级到八年级的公立学校留级率。
