Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013 Jun;35(3):308-21. doi: 10.1123/jsep.35.3.308.
Goals are central to exercise motivation, although not all goals (e.g., health vs. appearance goals) are equally psychologically or behaviorally adaptive. Within goal content theory (Vansteenkiste, Niemiec, & Soenens, 2010), goals are adaptive to the extent to which they satisfy psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. However, little is known about what exercisers pursuing different goals are feeling, doing, thinking, and paying attention to that may help to explain the association between goal contents and need satisfaction. Using semistructured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis, we explored experiences of exercise among 11 adult exercisers who reported pursuing either predominantly intrinsic or extrinsic goals. Four themes emerged: (a) observation of others and resulting emotions, (b) goal expectations and time perspective, (c) markers of progress and (d) reactions to (lack of) goal achievement. Intrinsic and extrinsic goal pursuers reported divergent experiences within these four domains. The findings illuminate potential mechanisms by which different goals may influence psychological and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context.
目标是运动动机的核心，尽管并非所有目标（例如，健康目标与外貌目标）在心理上或行为上都是同样适应的。在目标内容理论（Vansteenkiste、Niemiec 和 Soenens，2010）中，目标在满足自主、能力和相关的心理需求的程度上是适应的。然而，对于追求不同目标的锻炼者的感受、行为、思维和注意力，我们知之甚少，这些可能有助于解释目标内容与需求满足之间的关联。我们使用半结构化访谈和解释性现象学分析，探索了 11 名成年锻炼者的锻炼经历，他们报告说主要追求内在目标或外在目标。出现了四个主题：（a）观察他人和由此产生的情绪，（b）目标期望和时间视角，（c）进步的标志，以及（d）对（缺乏）目标实现的反应。内在和外在目标追求者在这四个领域报告了不同的经历。研究结果阐明了不同目标可能如何影响锻炼环境中的心理和行为结果的潜在机制。
