The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
J Thromb Haemost. 2013 Jun;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):46-66. doi: 10.1111/jth.12253.
Every biological trait requires both a proximate and evolutionary explanation. The field of vascular biology is focused primarily on proximate mechanisms in health and disease. Comparatively little attention has been given to the evolutionary basis of the cardiovascular system. Here, we employ a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the blood vascular system and endothelium. In addition to drawing on the published literature, we provide primary ultrastructural data related to the lobster, earthworm, amphioxus, and hagfish. Existing evidence suggests that the blood vascular system first appeared in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, as a means to overcome the time-distance constraints of diffusion. The endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540-510 million years ago to optimize flow dynamics and barrier function, and/or to localize immune and coagulation functions. Finally, we emphasize that endothelial heterogeneity evolved as a core feature of the endothelium from the outset, reflecting its role in meeting the diverse needs of body tissues.
每个生物特征都需要近因和进化解释。血管生物学领域主要关注健康和疾病中的近因机制。相对较少关注心血管系统的进化基础。在这里，我们采用比较的方法来回顾血液血管系统和内皮的系统发生历史。除了参考已发表的文献外，我们还提供了与龙虾、蚯蚓、文昌鱼和盲鳗相关的主要超微结构数据。现有证据表明，血液血管系统在 6 亿多年前的三胚层动物祖先中首次出现，是克服扩散的时空限制的一种手段。内皮在 5.4 亿至 5.1 亿年前的祖先进化而来，以优化流动动力学和屏障功能，和/或定位免疫和凝血功能。最后，我们强调内皮细胞的异质性从一开始就是内皮细胞的核心特征之一，反映了它在满足身体组织多样化需求方面的作用。
