Tooby John, Cosmides Leda, Price Michael E
Center for Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, USA.
MDE Manage Decis Econ. 2006 Mar;27(2-3):103-129. doi: 10.1002/mde.1287.
Organizations are composed of stable, predominantly cooperative interactions or -person exchanges. Humans have been engaging in -person exchanges for a great enough period of evolutionary time that we appear to have evolved a distinct constellation of species-typical mechanisms specialized to solve the adaptive problems posed by this form of social interaction. These mechanisms appear to have been evolutionarily elaborated out of the cognitive infrastructure that initially evolved for dyadic exchange. Key adaptive problems that these mechanisms are designed to solve include coordination among individuals, and defense against exploitation by free riders. Multi-individual cooperation could not have been maintained over evolutionary time if free riders reliably benefited more than contributors to collective enterprises, and so outcompeted them. As a result, humans evolved mechanisms that implement an aversion to exploitation by free riding, and a strategy of conditional cooperation, supplemented by punitive sentiment towards free riders. Because of the design of these mechanisms, how free riding is treated is a central determinant of the survival and health of cooperative organizations. The mapping of the evolved psychology of -party exchange cooperation may contribute to the construction of a principled theoretical foundation for the understanding of human behavior in organizations.
组织由稳定的、主要是合作性的互动或多人交换构成。人类进行多人交换的时间跨度在进化史上足够长，以至于我们似乎已经进化出了一组独特的物种典型机制，专门用于解决这种社会互动形式所带来的适应性问题。这些机制似乎是从最初为二元交换而进化出的认知基础结构中演化而来的。这些机制旨在解决的关键适应性问题包括个体之间的协调，以及抵御搭便车者的剥削。如果搭便车者总是比集体企业的贡献者受益更多，从而在竞争中胜过他们，那么多人合作在进化过程中就不可能持续下去。因此，人类进化出了一些机制，这些机制表现为对搭便车剥削的厌恶，以及一种有条件合作的策略，并辅之以对搭便车者的惩罚情绪。由于这些机制的设计，搭便车行为的处理方式是合作组织生存和健康的核心决定因素。对三方交换合作的进化心理学的研究，可能有助于构建一个有原则的理论基础，以理解组织中的人类行为。
