Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States.
Environ Int. 2013 Sep;59:152-60. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.016. Epub 2013 Jun 29.
Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may be associated with adverse health effects in the developing fetus; however, little is known about predictors of BPA exposure during pregnancy. We examined BPA exposure in 491 pregnant women from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort and explored the role of living in the United States on significant dietary predictors of BPA exposure. Women provided urine samples up to two times during pregnancy (n=866 total samples). We computed the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to evaluate variability in concentrations between collections and used generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to assess predictors of exposure. Geometric mean (GSD) BPA concentrations were 0.9 (2.8)μg/L and 1.0 (2.6)μg/L at the first and second prenatal visits, respectively. We observed greater within- than between-woman variability in urinary BPA concentrations (ICC=0.22). GEE models suggest that women who lived in the United States their entire life had 38% (CI: -0.1, 89.3) higher urinary BPA concentrations compared with other immigrant women. Additionally, women who consumed ≥3 sodas per day or hamburgers three times a week or more had 58% (CI: 18.0, 112.1) and 20% (CI: -0.2, 45.2) higher urinary BPA concentrations, respectively, compared with women who consumed no sodas or hamburgers. A higher percentage of women who lived their entire life in the United States reported increased consumption of sodas and hamburgers compared with other immigrant women. Independent of other factors, BPA urinary concentrations were slightly higher when the sample was collected later in the day. As in previous studies, high within-woman variability in urinary BPA concentrations confirms that several samples are needed to properly characterize exposure during pregnancy. Results also suggest that some factors could be modified to minimize exposures during pregnancy in our study participants (e.g., reducing soda and hamburger intake) and that factors associated with acculturation might increase BPA concentrations.
孕期暴露于双酚 A（BPA）可能与胎儿发育中的不良健康影响有关，但人们对孕期 BPA 暴露的预测因素知之甚少。我们检查了来自萨利纳斯母婴健康评估中心（CHAMACOS）队列的 491 名孕妇的 BPA 暴露情况，并探讨了生活在美国对 BPA 暴露的重要饮食预测因素的作用。女性在怀孕期间提供了多达两次的尿液样本（共 866 个样本）。我们计算了浓度在两次采集之间的组内相关系数（ICC），以评估浓度的变异性，并使用广义估计方程（GEE）模型评估暴露的预测因素。第一次和第二次产前检查时的几何平均（GSD）BPA 浓度分别为 0.9（2.8）μg/L 和 1.0（2.6）μg/L。我们观察到尿液中 BPA 浓度的个体内变异性大于个体间变异性（ICC=0.22）。GEE 模型表明，与其他移民女性相比，在美国生活的女性尿液中 BPA 浓度高出 38%（CI：-0.1，89.3）。此外，每天饮用≥3 份苏打水或每周食用 3 次或更多汉堡的女性尿液中 BPA 浓度分别高出 58%（CI：18.0，112.1）和 20%（CI：-0.2，45.2），而不饮用苏打水或食用汉堡的女性尿液中 BPA 浓度没有变化。与其他移民女性相比，在美国生活的女性报告称，她们的苏打水和汉堡摄入量增加的比例更高。除其他因素外，当样本在一天中较晚时采集时，尿液中 BPA 浓度略高。与之前的研究一样，尿液中 BPA 浓度的个体内变异性很高，这证实了在怀孕期间需要采集多个样本才能正确描述暴露情况。研究结果还表明，可以改变某些因素以尽量减少我们研究参与者怀孕期间的暴露（例如，减少苏打水和汉堡的摄入量），并且与文化适应相关的因素可能会增加 BPA 浓度。
