Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada.
Environ Int. 2018 Oct;119:319-326. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.001. Epub 2018 Jul 7.
Diet is regarded as the main source of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, but comparatively little is known about dietary sources of BPA-alternatives. Here we measured exposure of BPA and BPA-alternatives among pregnant women in Canada, estimated their 24-h intakes and examined the importance of various dietary sources. Free and total BPA, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were measured in 467 second trimester maternal urine samples, and in 455 paired samples collected at three months postpartum. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between urinary concentrations of bisphenols and 24-h dietary recall data. The geometric means of total BPA in second trimester and postpartum urine (1.2 and 0.95 ng/mL, respectively) were 5-7 times higher than corresponding total BPS (0.16 and 0.17 ng/mL). The detection frequency of BPF was only 9% (i.e. >1.0 ng/mL). However, at both time points 95th percentiles of total BPF (7.3 and 4.2 ng/mL, respectively) were similar to total BPA (8.2 and 5.0 ng/mL). Free BPS and BPF were detected in <2% of samples, but were detectable when total BPS or BPF concentrations were highest, always at <1% of the total concentration. The tolerable daily intake for total BPA (i.e. 18 nmol/kg BW/d) was not exceeded, but for BPS the estimated 24-h intake was as high as 14 nmol/kg BW/d (95th percentile: 0.12 nmol/kg BW/d), and for BPF was even higher among the highest centile of exposure (maximum and 95th percentile: 30, 0.81 nmol/kg BW/d). Canned food consumption was associated with higher total BPA, but was not associated with BPS. For BPF, mustard consumption may be an important exposure source, particularly among the highest exposed. Relatively high exposure to BPS and BPF in a minority of pregnant women highlights the need to better understand the associated health risks and exposure sources of BPA-alternatives.
饮食被认为是双酚 A（BPA）暴露的主要来源，但关于 BPA 替代品的饮食来源知之甚少。在这里，我们测量了加拿大孕妇体内 BPA 和 BPA 替代品的暴露水平，估计了她们的 24 小时摄入量，并研究了各种饮食来源的重要性。在 467 名妊娠中期的母亲尿液样本和 455 名产后三个月采集的配对样本中，测量了游离和总 BPA、双酚 S（BPS）和双酚 F（BPF）的浓度。线性回归用于评估尿液中双酚浓度与 24 小时饮食回忆数据之间的关系。妊娠中期和产后尿液中总 BPA 的几何平均值（分别为 1.2 和 0.95ng/ml）分别比相应的总 BPS（0.16 和 0.17ng/ml）高 5-7 倍。BPF 的检出频率仅为 9%（即>1.0ng/ml）。然而，在这两个时间点，总 BPF 的第 95 百分位数（分别为 7.3 和 4.2ng/ml）与总 BPA 相似（分别为 8.2 和 5.0ng/ml）。<2%的样本中检测到游离 BPS 和 BPF，但当总 BPS 或 BPF 浓度最高时，它们是可以检测到的，而且始终<总浓度的 1%。可耐受每日摄入量（即 18nmol/kg BW/d）没有超过，但对于 BPS，估计的 24 小时摄入量高达 14nmol/kg BW/d（第 95 百分位数：0.12nmol/kg BW/d），而对于 BPF，在最高暴露百分位数（最高值和第 95 百分位数：30，0.81nmol/kg BW/d）中甚至更高。罐头食品的消费与总 BPA 呈正相关，但与 BPS 无关。对于 BPF，芥末的消费可能是一个重要的暴露源，尤其是在暴露水平最高的人群中。少数孕妇体内相对较高的 BPS 和 BPF 暴露水平突出表明，需要更好地了解 BPA 替代品的相关健康风险和暴露源。
