University of Copenhagen, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Universitetsparken 13, Kbh Ø, 2100, Denmark.
J Sports Sci. 2013;31(13):1421-31. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.792950. Epub 2013 Jul 8.
This study examined the intermittent exercise performance and cardiovascular health profile in elite female football players in comparison to untrained young women, as well as a subgroup subjected to football training 2x1 h · week(-1) for 16 weeks. Twenty-seven Danish national team players (elite trained, ET) and 28 untrained women (UT) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-scanning (DXA), comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, treadmill and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance level 2 (IE2) testing. Eight women in UT were also tested after the football training period. Maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max), peak ventilation and peak lactate were 40, 18 and 51% higher (P< 0.01) in ET than UT, respectively. Cardiac dimensions and function were greater in ET than UT, with left ventricular diastolic diameter, right ventricular diastolic diameter, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and peak transmitral flow in early diastole divided by peak transmitral flow velocity in late diastole during atrial contraction (E/A-ratio) being 13, 19, 27 and 41%, respectively, greater in ET than UT (P< 0.001 to< 0.05). Yo-Yo IE2 performance was 7-fold higher in ET than UT (1772 ± 508 vs. 234 ± 66 m, P< 0.001), fat mass was 51% lower (P< 0.001) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were 20% higher (P< 0.01). Sixteen weeks of football elevated VO2max and Yo-Yo IE2 performance by 16 and 40%, respectively, and lowered fat mass by 6%. Cardiac function was markedly improved by 16 weeks of football training with 26 and 46% increases in TAPSE and E/A ratio, respectively, reaching levels comparable to ET. In summary, elite female football players have a superior cardiovascular health profile and intermittent exercise performance compared to untrained controls, but short-term football training can markedly improve the cardiovascular health status.
这项研究比较了精英女性足球运动员与未经训练的年轻女性以及每周进行 2 次、每次 1 小时足球训练 16 周的亚组的间歇性运动表现和心血管健康状况。27 名丹麦国家队球员（精英训练组，ET）和 28 名未经训练的女性（UT）接受了双能 X 射线吸收法扫描（DXA）、全面经胸超声心动图、跑步机和 Yo-Yo 间歇性耐力水平 2（IE2）测试。UT 中有 8 名女性也在足球训练后接受了测试。最大摄氧量（VO2max）、峰值通气量和峰值乳酸在 ET 中分别比 UT 高 40%、18%和 51%（P<0.01）。ET 的心脏尺寸和功能大于 UT，左心室舒张直径、右心室舒张直径、三尖瓣环平面收缩期位移（TAPSE）和舒张早期二尖瓣口血流峰值与舒张晚期心房收缩期二尖瓣口血流峰值之比（E/A 比值）分别高 13%、19%、27%和 41%（P<0.001 至<0.05）。ET 的 Yo-Yo IE2 表现比 UT 高 7 倍（1772±508 比 234±66 m，P<0.001），脂肪量低 51%（P<0.001），高密度脂蛋白（HDL）胆固醇水平高 20%（P<0.01）。16 周的足球训练使 VO2max 和 Yo-Yo IE2 表现分别提高了 16%和 40%，脂肪量降低了 6%。16 周的足球训练使心脏功能显著改善，TAPSE 和 E/A 比值分别增加了 26%和 46%，达到与 ET 相当的水平。总之，与未经训练的对照组相比，精英女性足球运动员具有更好的心血管健康状况和间歇性运动表现，但短期足球训练可以显著改善心血管健康状况。
