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毫米波硅微机械波导探头在皮肤诊断中的辅助作用--对不同含水量的仿体材料进行测量的结果。

Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe as an aid for skin diagnosis--results of measurements on phantom material with varied water content.

机构信息

Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

出版信息

Skin Res Technol. 2014 Feb;20(1):116-23. doi: 10.1111/srt.12093. Epub 2013 Jul 12.

DOI:10.1111/srt.12093
PMID:23845091
Abstract

BACKGROUND

More than 2 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, which makes it the most common form of cancer in that country. Early detection of cancer usually results in less extensive treatment and better outcome for the patient. Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe is foreseen as an aid for skin diagnosis, which is currently based on visual inspection followed by biopsy, in cases where the macroscopical picture raises suspicion of malignancy.

AIMS

Demonstration of the discrimination potential of tissues of different water content using a novel micromachined silicon waveguide probe. Secondarily, the silicon probe miniaturization till an inspection area of 600 × 200 μm2, representing a drastic reduction by 96.3% of the probing area, in comparison with a conventional WR-10 waveguide. The high planar resolution is required for histology and early-state skin-cancer detection.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

To evaluate the probe three phantoms with different water contents, i.e. 50%, 75% and 95%, mimicking dielectric properties of human skin were characterized in the frequency range of 95-105 GHz. The complex permittivity values of the skin are obtained from the variation in frequency and amplitude of the reflection coefficient (S11), measured with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), by comparison with finite elements simulations of the measurement set-up, using the commercially available software, HFSS. The expected frequency variation is calculated with HFSS and is based on extrapolated complex permittivities, using one relaxation Debye model from permittivity measurements obtained using the Agilent probe.

RESULTS

Millimeter wave reflection measurements were performed using the probe in the frequency range of 95-105 GHz with three phantoms materials and air. Intermediate measurement results are in good agreement with HFSS simulations, based on the extrapolated complex permittivity. The resonance frequency lowers, from the idle situation when it is probing air, respectively by 0.7, 1.2 and 4.26 GHz when a phantom material of 50%, 75% and 95% water content is measured.

DISCUSSION

The results of the measurements in our laboratory set-up with three different phantoms indicate that the probe may be able to discriminate between normal and pathological skin tissue, improving the spatial resolution in histology and on skin measurements, due to the highly reduced area of probing.

CONCLUSION

The probe has the potential to discriminate between normal and pathological skin tissue. Further, improved information, compared to the optical histological inspection can be obtained, i.e. the complex permittivity characterization is obtained with a high resolution, due to the highly reduced measurement area of the probe tip.

摘要

背景

每年美国有超过 200 万例皮肤癌被诊断出来,这使其成为该国最常见的癌症形式。癌症的早期检测通常会导致治疗范围更小,患者预后更好。毫米波硅微机械波导探头有望成为皮肤诊断的辅助工具,目前的皮肤诊断基于视觉检查,然后进行活检,如果宏观图像怀疑有恶性肿瘤。

目的

利用新型硅微机械波导探头演示不同含水量组织的分辨能力。其次,通过将探头小型化至 600×200μm²的检测面积,与传统 WR-10 波导相比,探测面积缩小了 96.3%,从而实现了极高的平面分辨率,这对于组织学和早期皮肤癌检测是必需的。

材料和方法

为了评估探头,使用三种不同含水量的水凝胶体模,即 50%、75%和 95%,在 95-105GHz 频率范围内对其进行了特征描述。使用矢量网络分析仪(VNA)测量反射系数(S11)的频率和幅度变化,将探头与测量装置的有限元模拟进行比较,通过商业软件 HFSS 获得人体皮肤的复介电常数。根据使用安捷伦探头获得的介电常数测量值,利用 HFSS 中的一个弛豫 Debye 模型,对预期的频率变化进行了计算。

结果

使用探头在 95-105GHz 频率范围内对三种水凝胶体模材料和空气进行了毫米波反射测量。中间测量结果与基于外推复介电常数的 HFSS 模拟吻合较好。当探头探测空气时,分别测量 50%、75%和 95%水含量的水凝胶体模时,谐振频率分别降低了 0.7、1.2 和 4.26GHz。

讨论

我们实验室中使用三种不同体模进行的测量结果表明,该探头可能能够区分正常和病理皮肤组织,由于探测面积大大减小,从而提高了组织学和皮肤测量的空间分辨率。

结论

该探头具有区分正常和病理皮肤组织的潜力。此外,与光学组织学检查相比,可以获得更优的信息,即通过高分辨率获得复介电常数特征,这是由于探头尖端的测量面积大大减小。

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