Ardila Alfredo
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2013;2(2):82-7. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2013.748388. Epub 2013 Jan 28.
It has been proposed that two major components of executive functions can be distinguished: (1) one related to complex cognition (metacognition, such as planning, problem solving, etc.); (2) the other related to coordinating and controlling emotional behavior. Contemporary neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated that there are two distinct functional-anatomical networks within the prefrontal cortex: one associated with cognitive control and the other associated with value based decision making-each related to specific frontal-lobe areas. Metacognitive (but not emotional) executive functions have been demonstrated to be correlated with general intellectual level (intelligence). Research has shown that emotional executive functions (such as attention control) develop earlier in life (during the 1st year), before the development of metacognitive executive functions (such as planning and verbal fluency), which develop around the age of 3 and are correlated with the development of a grammatical language.
有人提出，可以区分执行功能的两个主要组成部分：（1）一个与复杂认知（元认知，如计划、解决问题等）相关；（2）另一个与协调和控制情绪行为相关。当代神经成像技术已经证明，前额叶皮层内存在两个不同的功能 - 解剖网络：一个与认知控制相关，另一个与基于价值的决策相关 - 每个都与特定的额叶区域有关。元认知（而非情绪）执行功能已被证明与一般智力水平（智力）相关。研究表明，情绪执行功能（如注意力控制）在生命早期（第一年）就已发展，早于元认知执行功能（如计划和语言流畅性）的发展，元认知执行功能大约在3岁时发展，并与语法语言的发展相关。
