Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Opole University, PL-45-040 Opole, Poland.
Ther Drug Monit. 2013 Aug;35(4):420-42. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e31828741a5.
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of "magic mushrooms." The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.
真菌来源的致幻药物，如赛洛西宾、异噁唑酸和 muscimol 等，自 20 世纪 60 年代以来被提议用于娱乐用途，并得到了普及。尽管它们的神经毒性已有充分的记录，但它们却被认为是安全且无成瘾性的。科学界为这些致幻剂在精神病学、心理治疗甚至宗教仪式中的任何医学应用寻找支持的努力极具争议性。即使它们显示出任何治疗潜力，它们在心理治疗中的使用在某些情况下也是不充分的，甚至可能严重伤害到正在受苦的患者。致幻剂被认为会降低认知功能。然而，对于吲哚烷胺类物质，如赛洛西宾，一些最近的发现表明它们有改善感知和心理技能的能力，这将促使人们消费“迷幻蘑菇”。本文提供了一个机会，可以了解含有赛洛西宾/赛洛新、muscimol 和异噁唑酸的蘑菇中毒的主要症状。本文还回顾了真菌材料、食品和体液中检测它们的分析方法的进展。总结了它们生物活性的机制。此外，还讨论了这些真菌性精神活性化合物的治疗潜力以及与滥用相关的健康风险。
