Department of Soil Science and Land Conservation, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland,
Environ Monit Assess. 2013 Dec;185(12):9935-48. doi: 10.1007/s10661-013-3303-3. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
The concentrations and composition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined in alluvial soils subjected to heavy flooding in a rural region of Poland. Soil samples (n = 30) were collected from the upper soil layer from a 70-km(2) area. Chemical determinations included basic physicochemical properties and the contents of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 16 compounds). The median concentrations of Σ7PCB (PCB28 + PCB52 + PCB101 + PCB118 + PCB138 + PCB153 + PCB180), Σ3HCH (α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH) and Σ3pp'(DDT + DDE + DDD) were 1.60 ± 1.03, 0.22 ± 0.13 and 25.18 ± 82.70 μg kg(-1), respectively. The median concentrations of the most abundant PAHs, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene were 50 ± 37, 38 ± 27, 29 ± 30, 45 ± 36 and 24 ± 22 μg kg(-1), respectively. Compared with elsewhere in the world, the overall level of contamination with POPs was low and similar to the levels in agricultural soils from neighbouring countries, except for benzo[a]pyrene and DDT. There was no evidence that flooding affected the levels of POPs in the studied soils. The patterns observed for PAHs and PCBs indicate that atmospheric deposition is the most important long-term source of these contaminants. DDTs were the dominant organochlorine pesticides (up to 99%), and the contribution of the parent pp' isomer was up to 50 % of the ΣDDT, which indicates the advantage of aged contamination. A high pp'DDE/pp'DDD ratio suggests the prevalence of aerobic transformations of parent DDT. Dominance of the γ isomer in the HCHs implies historical use of lindane in the area. The effect of soil properties on the POP concentrations was rather weak, although statistically significant links with the content of the <0.02-mm fraction, Ctotal or Ntotal were observed for some individual compounds in the PCB group.
在波兰农村地区，对遭受严重洪灾的冲积土壤中的持久性有机污染物 (POPs) 浓度和组成进行了测定。从 70 平方公里的区域的上层土壤中采集了 30 个土壤样本。化学测定包括基本理化性质以及多氯联苯 (PCBs)、六氯环己烷 (HCHs)、滴滴涕 (DDTs) 和多环芳烃 (PAHs，16 种化合物) 的含量。Σ7PCB(PCB28+PCB52+PCB101+PCB118+PCB138+PCB153+PCB180)、Σ3HCH(α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH)和 Σ3pp'(DDT+DDE+DDD)的中位数浓度分别为 1.60±1.03μg/kg、0.22±0.13μg/kg 和 25.18±82.70μg/kg。最丰富的 PAHs，即菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘的中位数浓度分别为 50±37μg/kg、38±27μg/kg、29±30μg/kg、45±36μg/kg 和 24±22μg/kg。与世界其他地区相比，POPs 的整体污染水平较低，与邻国的农业土壤水平相似，但苯并[a]芘和滴滴涕除外。没有证据表明洪水会影响研究土壤中 POPs 的水平。PAHs 和 PCBs 的分布模式表明，大气沉降是这些污染物的最重要的长期来源。滴滴涕是主要的有机氯农药(高达 99%)，母体 pp'异构体的贡献高达 ΣDDT 的 50%，这表明了陈旧污染的优势。高 pp'DDE/pp'DDD 比值表明母体滴滴涕的好氧转化普遍存在。HCHs 中γ异构体的优势暗示了该地区曾历史上使用过林丹。土壤性质对 POP 浓度的影响相当微弱，尽管在 PCB 组的一些个别化合物中观察到与 <0.02-mm 级分、Ctotal 或 Ntotal 的含量存在统计学显著的联系。
