Chapman Shawna L Carroll, Wu Li-Tzy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Women Health. 2013;53(5):479-503. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2013.804025.
National survey data suggest that new mothers have high prevalences of alcohol and illicit drug use. Depression correlates with substance use, and new mothers with postpartum depression may be at high risk for substance use. Understanding postpartum substance use and its relationship to postpartum depression can inform future research and intervention. A literature search was conducted resulting in 12 studies published from 1999-2012 examining postpartum alcohol use, drug use, or combined postpartum depression and substance use. Postpartum alcohol (prevalence range 30.1%-49%) and drug use (4.5%-8.5%) were lower than use among not pregnant, not postpartum women (41.5%-57.5%, 7.6%-10.6%, respectively) but higher than use among pregnant women (5.4%-11.6%, 3.7%-4.3%, respectively). Correlates of postpartum problem drinking were being unemployed, unmarried, and a cigarette smoker. Prevalence of drug use was highest among white new mothers, followed by blacks and Hispanics, but black new mothers appeared at greater risk of drug use. No identified studies examined correlates of postpartum drug use beyond race/ethnicity. Postpartum depressive symptoms were prevalent among postpartum substance users and those with a substance use history (19.7%-46%). The postpartum period is a critical time. Prevalent substance use and the scarcity of studies warrant research to identify means to reduce maternal substance use.
全国调查数据显示，初为人母者中酒精和非法药物使用率很高。抑郁症与物质使用相关，患有产后抑郁症的初为人母者可能有很高的物质使用风险。了解产后物质使用情况及其与产后抑郁症的关系可为未来的研究和干预提供信息。进行了一项文献检索，结果发现有12项研究发表于1999年至2012年期间，这些研究调查了产后酒精使用、药物使用，或产后抑郁症与物质使用的综合情况。产后酒精使用率（患病率范围为30.1%-49%）和药物使用率（4.5%-8.5%）低于未怀孕、未处于产后阶段的女性（分别为41.5%-57.5%、7.6%-10.6%），但高于孕妇（分别为5.4%-11.6%、3.7%-4.3%）。产后问题饮酒的相关因素包括失业、未婚和吸烟。白人初为人母者中的药物使用率最高，其次是黑人和西班牙裔，但黑人初为人母者出现药物使用问题的风险似乎更高。没有已确定的研究考察过除种族/民族之外的产后药物使用的相关因素。产后抑郁症状在产后物质使用者和有物质使用史的人群中很普遍（19.7%-46%）。产后期是一个关键时期。普遍存在的物质使用情况以及研究的匮乏，使得有必要开展研究以确定减少母亲物质使用的方法。
