Oliveira A, Maia B, Lopes C
Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research & Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2014 Apr;27 Suppl 2:194-203. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12143. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
A low consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) represents a high burden on health. The present study evaluates sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric determinants of an inadequate consumption of F&V (<5 servings per day).
Participants were randomly selected within the adult Porto population (n = 2485). Those with normal cognitive function and information on key variables were analysed (n = 2362). Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by logistic regression, after sex stratification and controlling for age, education, marital status, smoking, regular physical exercise and total energy intake.
Older women and men had 37% and 67%, respectively, lower odds of inadequate F&V consumption (≥65 versus <40 years: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.42-0.94; OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.20-0.56). More educated subjects (>12 versus <5 years) and those engaged in regular physical exercise had approximately 50% lower probability of F&V inadequacy compared to nonpractitioners, and this was similar in both sexes. On the other hand, female and male current smokers had 1.86- and 2.05-fold higher probabilities of having inadequate F&V consumption. Individuals consuming excessive alcohol (women: ≥15 g day(-1) ; men: ≥30 g day(-1) ) presented a two- and four-fold higher probability of having inadequate F&V consumption compared to nondrinkers (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.38-2.77 in women; OR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.70-7.18 in men).
In both sexes, an inadequate consumption of F&V was more frequently found in younger, less educated and less physically active subjects with smoking and drinking habits. Strategies aiming to increase F&V consumption should consider these target groups that present a clustering of unhealthy lifestyles.
水果和蔬菜（F&V）摄入量低对健康造成很大负担。本研究评估了F&V摄入不足（每天<5份）的社会人口统计学、生活方式和人体测量学决定因素。
在波尔图成年人群体中随机选取参与者（n = 2485）。对认知功能正常且有关键变量信息的参与者进行分析（n = 2362）。通过经过验证的食物频率问卷评估饮食情况。在按性别分层并控制年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、吸烟、规律体育锻炼和总能量摄入后，采用逻辑回归计算优势比（OR）和95%置信区间（CI）。
老年女性和男性F&V摄入不足的几率分别低37%和67%（≥65岁与<40岁相比：OR = 0.63，95% CI = 0.42 - 0.94；OR = 0.33，95% CI = 0.20 - 0.56）。与未参与者相比，受教育程度更高（>12年与<5年相比）且进行规律体育锻炼的参与者F&V摄入不足的概率约低50%，男女情况相似。另一方面，当前吸烟的女性和男性F&V摄入不足的概率分别高1.86倍和2.05倍。与不饮酒者相比，过量饮酒者（女性：≥15克/天；男性：≥30克/天）F&V摄入不足的概率分别高2倍和4倍（女性中OR = 1.95，95% CI = 1.38 - 2.77；男性中OR = 4.40，95% CI = 2.70 - 7.18）。
在男女两性中，F&V摄入不足在年龄较小、受教育程度较低、身体活动较少且有吸烟和饮酒习惯的人群中更为常见。旨在增加F&V摄入量的策略应考虑这些呈现不健康生活方式聚集的目标群体。
