The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian timing system.

The circadian timing system (CTS) in mammals may be defined as a network of interconnected diencephalic structures that regulate the timing of physiological processes and behavioral state. The central feature of the CTS is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, a self-sustaining circadian oscillator entrained by visual afferents, input from other brain and peripheral oscillators. The SCN was first noted as a distinct component of the hypothalamus during the late nineteenth century and recognized soon after as a uniform feature of the mammalian and lower vertebrate brain. But, as was true for so many brain components identified in that era, its function was unknown and remained so for nearly a century. In the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous tools for studying the brain were developed including neuroanatomical tracing methods, electrophysiological methods including long-term recording in vivo and in vitro, precise methods for producing localized lesions in the brain, and molecular neurobiology. Application of these methods provided a body of data strongly supporting the view that the SCN is a circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. This chapter presents an analysis of the functional organization of the SCN as a component of a neural network, the CTS. This network functions as a coordinator of hypothalamic regulatory systems imposing a temporal organization of physiological processes and behavioral state to promote environmental adaptation.