Rev Neurosci. 2013;24(4):443-53. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0022.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the naturally occurring substrate that provides a support structure and an attachment site for cells. It also produces a biological signal, which plays an important role in and has significant impact on cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. Peripheral nerve repair is a complicated process involving Schwann cell proliferation and migration, 'bands of Büngner' formation, and newborn nerve extension. In the ECM of peripheral nerves, macromolecules are deposited among cells; these constitute the microenvironment of Schwann cell growth. Such macromolecules include collagen (I, III, IV, V), laminin, fibronectin, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), and other nerve factors. Collagen, the main component of ECM, provides structural support and guides newborn neurofilament extension. Laminin, fibronectin, CSPGs, and neurotrophic factors, are promoters or inhibitors, playing different roles in nerve repair after injury. By a chemical decellularization process, acellular nerve allografting eliminates the antigens responsible for allograft rejection and maintains most of the ECM components, which can effectively guide and enhance nerve regeneration. Thus, the composition and features of peripheral nerve ECM suggest its superiority as nerve repair material. This review focuses on the structure, function, and application in the tissue engineering nerve construction of the peripheral nerve ECM components.
细胞外基质（ECM）是一种天然存在的基质，为细胞提供支持结构和附着位点。它还产生生物信号，在细胞黏附、迁移、增殖、分化和基因表达中发挥重要作用，并产生重大影响。周围神经修复是一个复杂的过程，涉及施万细胞的增殖和迁移、“邦纳带”的形成以及新生神经的延伸。在外周神经的细胞外基质中，大分子沉积在细胞之间；这些构成了施万细胞生长的微环境。此类大分子包括胶原（I、III、IV、V）、层粘连蛋白、纤连蛋白、软骨素硫酸盐蛋白聚糖（CSPGs）和其他神经因子。胶原作为 ECM 的主要成分，提供结构支持并引导新生神经原纤维的延伸。层粘连蛋白、纤连蛋白、CSPGs 和神经营养因子是促进剂或抑制剂，在损伤后神经修复中发挥不同的作用。通过化学去细胞化过程，去细胞同种异体神经移植消除了同种异体移植物排斥反应的抗原，并保留了大多数 ECM 成分，这可以有效引导和增强神经再生。因此，周围神经 ECM 的组成和特征表明其作为神经修复材料的优越性。本综述重点介绍了周围神经 ECM 成分的结构、功能及其在组织工程神经构建中的应用。
