Bell J F, Stewart S J
J Wildl Dis. 1975 Jul;11(3):421-30. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-11.3.421.
Contamination of streams by Francisella tularensis, a fastidious pathogen, was discovered by Miller in Russia. Subsequently that contamination was found to be the source of extensive human outbreaks, and to occur as well in North America. Circumstantial evidence supports a hypothesis that infected voles are responsible for the contamination, but when freshly isolated F. tularensis palaearctica is inoculated parenterally, only acute illness and death result whereas long-term contamination of streams would seem to demand a more chronic process. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that voles have an apparent predilection to tularemic nephritis when partially immunized before parenteral infection, but also when naive voles are infected orally. Associated chronic bacteriuria would seem to fulfill requirements for protracted contamination of watersheds.
俄罗斯的米勒发现，挑剔的病原体土拉弗朗西斯菌污染了溪流。随后发现这种污染是大规模人类疫情的源头，在北美也有发生。间接证据支持一种假说，即受感染的田鼠是污染的罪魁祸首，但当新鲜分离的古北区土拉弗朗西斯菌经肠道外接种时，只会导致急性疾病和死亡，而溪流的长期污染似乎需要一个更慢性的过程。实验室研究表明，田鼠在经肠道外感染前部分免疫时，以及未免疫的田鼠经口感染时，似乎都易患兔热病肾炎。相关的慢性菌尿似乎满足了流域长期污染的条件。
