Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt,
Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2013 Dec;9(6):764-73. doi: 10.1007/s12015-013-9469-9.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are originated from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo. They can proliferate indefinitely, maintain an undifferentiated state (self-renewal), and differentiate into any cell type (pluripotency). ES cells have an unusual cell cycle structure, consists mainly of S phase cells, a short G1 phase and absence of G1/S checkpoint. Cell division and cell cycle progression are controlled by mechanisms ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Therefore, control of cell cycle is a complicated process, involving several signaling pathways. Although great progress has been made on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ES cell cycle, many regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms regulating the cell cycle of ES cells and describes the relationship existing between cell cycle progression and the self-renewal.
胚胎干细胞（ES 细胞）来源于囊胚期胚胎的内细胞团。它们可以无限增殖，保持未分化状态（自我更新），并分化为任何细胞类型（多能性）。ES 细胞具有不寻常的细胞周期结构，主要由 S 期细胞组成，G1 期较短，G1/S 检查点缺失。细胞分裂和细胞周期进程由确保遗传信息从一代准确传递到下一代的机制控制。因此，细胞周期的控制是一个复杂的过程，涉及几个信号通路。尽管在调节 ES 细胞周期的分子机制方面已经取得了很大进展，但许多调控机制仍不清楚。本文综述了目前关于调控 ES 细胞周期的分子机制的知识，并描述了细胞周期进程与自我更新之间存在的关系。
