Perrone Serafina, Tataranno Luisa M, Stazzoni Gemma, Ramenghi Luca, Buonocore Giuseppe
a Department of Pediatrics , Obstetrics and Reproduction Medicine, University of Siena , Siena , Italy and.
b Neonatal Pathology Unit , Giannina Gaslini Hospital , Genova , Italy.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015 Nov;28 Suppl 1:2291-5. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.796170. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
Oxidative stress (OS) occurs at birth in all newborns as a consequence of the hyperoxic challenge due to the transition from the hypoxic intrauterine environment to extrauterine life. Free radical (FRs) sources such as inflammation, hyperoxia, hypoxia, ischaemia-reperfusion, neutrophil and macrophage activation, glutamate and free iron release, all increases the OS during the perinatal period. Newborns, and particularly preterm infants, have reduced antioxidant defences and are not able to counteract the harmful effects of FRs. Energy metabolism is central to life because cells cannot exist without an adequate supply of ATP. Due to its growth, the mammalian brain can be considered as a steady-state system in which ATP production matches ATP utilisation. The developing brain is particularly sensitive to any disturbances in energy generation, and even a short-term interruption can lead to long-lasting and irreversible damage. Whenever energy failure develops, brain damage can occur. Accumulating evidence indicates that OS is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases, such as intraventricular haemorrhage, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and epilepsy.
由于从宫内缺氧环境过渡到宫外生活，所有新生儿出生时都会因高氧挑战而发生氧化应激（OS）。炎症、高氧、缺氧、缺血再灌注、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞激活、谷氨酸和游离铁释放等自由基（FRs）来源，都会在围产期增加氧化应激。新生儿，尤其是早产儿，抗氧化防御能力降低，无法抵消自由基的有害影响。能量代谢是生命的核心，因为细胞没有足够的ATP供应就无法生存。由于其生长，哺乳动物的大脑可被视为一个稳态系统，其中ATP的产生与ATP的利用相匹配。发育中的大脑对能量产生的任何干扰都特别敏感，即使是短期中断也可能导致长期和不可逆转的损害。每当发生能量衰竭时，就可能发生脑损伤。越来越多的证据表明，氧化应激与许多神经系统疾病的发病机制有关，如脑室内出血、缺氧缺血性脑病和癫痫。
