Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 1;466-467:809-19. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.093. Epub 2013 Aug 25.
Modeling is an essential tool for the development of atmospheric emission abatement measures and air quality plans. Most often these plans are related to urban environments with high emission density and population exposure. However, air quality modeling in urban areas is a rather challenging task. As environmental standards become more stringent (e.g. European Directive 2008/50/EC), more reliable and sophisticated modeling tools are needed to simulate measures and plans that may effectively tackle air quality exceedances, common in large urban areas across Europe, particularly for NO₂. This also implies that emission inventories must satisfy a number of conditions such as consistency across the spatial scales involved in the analysis, consistency with the emission inventories used for regulatory purposes and versatility to match the requirements of different air quality and emission projection models. This study reports the modeling activities carried out in Madrid (Spain) highlighting the atmospheric emission inventory development and preparation as an illustrative example of the combination of models and data needed to develop a consistent air quality plan at urban level. These included a series of source apportionment studies to define contributions from the international, national, regional and local sources in order to understand to what extent local authorities can enforce meaningful abatement measures. Moreover, source apportionment studies were conducted in order to define contributions from different sectors and to understand the maximum feasible air quality improvement that can be achieved by reducing emissions from those sectors, thus targeting emission reduction policies to the most relevant activities. Finally, an emission scenario reflecting the effect of such policies was developed and the associated air quality was modeled.
建模是制定大气减排措施和空气质量计划的重要工具。这些计划通常与排放密度高、人口暴露度高的城市环境有关。然而，城市地区的空气质量建模是一项颇具挑战性的任务。随着环境标准变得更加严格（例如，欧盟指令 2008/50/EC），需要更可靠和复杂的建模工具来模拟可能有效解决欧洲大型城市普遍存在的空气质量超标问题的措施和计划，尤其是对于 NO₂。这也意味着排放清单必须满足一些条件，例如在分析中涉及的空间尺度上具有一致性、与用于监管目的的排放清单具有一致性以及具有灵活性，以满足不同空气质量和排放预测模型的要求。本研究报告了在马德里（西班牙）进行的建模活动，重点介绍了大气排放清单的开发和准备情况，作为在城市层面制定一致的空气质量计划所需的模型和数据组合的示例。这些活动包括一系列源解析研究，以确定国际、国家、区域和本地来源的贡献，以了解地方当局在多大程度上可以实施有意义的减排措施。此外，还进行了源解析研究，以确定不同部门的贡献，并了解通过减少这些部门的排放可以实现的最大空气质量改善程度，从而将减排政策针对最相关的活动。最后，开发了一个反映这些政策效果的排放情景，并对相关空气质量进行了建模。
