Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Feb;21(3):1708-1722. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2037-7. Epub 2013 Aug 24.
Five estrogenic hormones (unconjugated + conjugated fractions) and 10 beta blockers were analyzed in three wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving river waters in the area of Lyon, France. In the different samples, only two estrogens were quantified: estrone and estriol. Some beta blockers, such as atenolol, acebutolol, and sotalol, were almost always quantified, but others, e.g., betaxolol, nadolol, and oxprenolol were rarely quantified. Concentrations measured in river waters were in the nanogram per liter range for estrogens and between 0.3 and 210 ng/L for beta blockers depending on the substance and the distance from the WWTP outfall. The impact of the WWTP on the receiving rivers was studied and showed a clear increase in concentrations near the WWTP outfall. For estrogens, the persistence in surface waters was not evaluated given the low concentrations levels (around 1 ng/L). For beta blockers, concentrations measured downstream of the WWTP outfall were up to 16 times higher than those measured upstream. Also, the persistence of metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol was noted even 2 km downstream of the WWTP outfall. The comparison of beta blocker fingerprints in the samples collected in effluent and in the river also showed the impact of WWTP outfall on surface waters. Finally, a tentative environmental risk evaluation was performed on 15 sites by calculating the ratio of receiving water concentrations to predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). For estrogens, a total PNEC of 5 ng/L was considered and these substances were not linked to any potential environmental risk (only one site showed an environmental risk ratio above 1). Unfortunately, few PNECs are available and risk evaluation was only possible for 4 of the 10 beta blockers studied: acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Only propranolol presented a ratio near or above 1, showing a possible environmental risk for 4 receiving waters out of 15.
五种雌激素（游离态+结合态）和 10 种β受体阻滞剂在法国里昂地区的三个污水处理厂（WWTP）的出水和受纳河水中进行了分析。在不同的样本中，仅定量了两种雌激素：雌酮和雌三醇。一些β受体阻滞剂，如阿替洛尔、醋丁洛尔和索他洛尔，几乎总是被定量，但其他如倍他洛尔、纳多洛尔和氧烯洛尔则很少被定量。在河水中测量的浓度范围为纳克/升的雌激素和 0.3 至 210 纳克/升的β受体阻滞剂，具体取决于物质和距离 WWTP 出水口的距离。研究了 WWTP 对受纳河的影响，结果表明，在 WWTP 出水口附近，浓度明显增加。由于浓度水平较低（约 1 纳克/升），因此没有评估雌激素在地表水中的持久性。对于β受体阻滞剂，在 WWTP 出水口下游测量的浓度最高可达出水口上游的 16 倍。此外，即使在 WWTP 出水口下游 2 公里处，也可以观察到美托洛尔、纳多洛尔和普萘洛尔的持久性。对从污水和河流中采集的样本中β受体阻滞剂指纹图谱的比较也表明了 WWTP 出水口对地表水的影响。最后，通过计算受纳水浓度与预测无效应浓度（PNEC）的比值，对 15 个位点进行了暂定的环境风险评估。对于雌激素，考虑了 5 纳克/升的总 PNEC，这些物质与任何潜在的环境风险无关（只有一个位点的环境风险比大于 1）。不幸的是，只有少数 PNEC 可用，仅对研究的 10 种β受体阻滞剂中的 4 种进行了风险评估：醋丁洛尔、阿替洛尔、美托洛尔和普萘洛尔。只有普萘洛尔的比值接近或高于 1，表明 15 个受纳水中有 4 个可能存在环境风险。
