Public Health and Planning, Policy & Design, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
J Adolesc Health. 2014 Apr;54(4):467-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.020. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
Three fourths of public schools in the United States maintain instructional programs to discourage alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use. State-sanctioned instructional standards attempt to direct this ATOD preventive education. No existing research, however, systematically codes these standards across all grades and states. We performed such an analysis.
We retrieved ATOD standards information from all 50 states and the District of Columbia from multiple sources, including the National Association of State Boards of Education's State School Health Policy Web site. Three independent researchers classified and cross-validated ATOD standards (inter-rater agreement = 98%) based on recommended content domains and pedagogic delivery methods.
We find substantial grade-level variation in standards. Elementary schools emphasize generic social skills and affective skills, whereas middle and high school standards focus on knowledge about biological and behavioral consequences of ATOD use. States also vary widely in their content and coverage of standards. Two thirds of states do not include standards in all content areas considered "evidence-based."
The ATOD curricular agenda for the majority of states falls well below recommended content and delivery benchmarks. We intend for our harmonized data set-the first of its kind-to promote research that examines the relation among state ATOD standards, actual classroom instruction, and adolescent ATOD use.
美国四分之三的公立学校都设有教学课程，旨在劝阻学生饮酒、吸烟和使用其他毒品（ATOD）。州政府批准的教学标准试图指导这种 ATOD 预防教育。然而，目前尚无研究系统地对所有年级和州的这些标准进行编码。我们进行了这样的分析。
我们从多个来源（包括国家州教育委员会协会的州学校健康政策网站）检索了来自 50 个州和哥伦比亚特区的 ATOD 标准信息。三名独立研究人员根据推荐的内容领域和教学方法对 ATOD 标准进行了分类和交叉验证（评分者间一致性=98%）。
我们发现标准在年级水平上存在很大差异。小学强调一般社交技能和情感技能，而中学和高中的标准则侧重于了解 ATOD 使用的生物和行为后果方面的知识。各州在标准的内容和涵盖范围上也存在很大差异。三分之二的州没有将所有被认为是“基于证据”的标准纳入其中。
大多数州的 ATOD 课程大纲远远低于推荐的内容和交付基准。我们希望我们的标准化数据集——同类中的第一个数据集——能够促进研究，检验州 ATOD 标准、实际课堂教学和青少年 ATOD 使用之间的关系。
