Department of Economics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) , Sage Laboratories Room 3407, Troy, New York 12180, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(21):12275-83. doi: 10.1021/es4019964. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
We construct a multiregional input-output model for Spain, in order to evaluate the pressures on the water resources, virtual water flows, and water footprints of the regions, and the water impact of trade relationships within Spain and abroad. The study is framed with those interregional input-output models constructed to study water flows and impacts of regions in China, Australia, Mexico, or the UK. To build our database, we reconcile regional IO tables, national and regional accountancy of Spain, trade and water data. Results show an important imbalance between origin of water resources and final destination, with significant water pressures in the South, Mediterranean, and some central regions. The most populated and dynamic regions of Madrid and Barcelona are important drivers of water consumption in Spain. Main virtual water exporters are the South and Central agrarian regions: Andalusia, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Aragon, and Extremadura, while the main virtual water importers are the industrialized regions of Madrid, Basque country, and the Mediterranean coast. The paper shows the different location of direct and indirect consumers of water in Spain and how the economic trade and consumption pattern of certain areas has significant impacts on the availability of water resources in other different and often drier regions.
我们构建了一个西班牙多区域投入产出模型，以评估各地区的水资源压力、虚拟水流和水足迹，以及西班牙国内外贸易关系对水资源的影响。这项研究的框架是基于那些为研究中国、澳大利亚、墨西哥或英国各地区水流和影响而构建的区域投入产出模型。为了建立我们的数据库，我们协调了区域投入产出表、西班牙国家和区域会计、贸易和水资源数据。结果显示，水资源的起源地和最终目的地之间存在着严重的不平衡，南部、地中海地区和一些中部地区的水资源压力很大。马德里和巴塞罗那这两个人口最多、最具活力的地区是西班牙水资源消耗的主要驱动因素。主要的虚拟水出口地区是南部和中部的农业地区：安达卢西亚、卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰、卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂、阿拉贡和埃斯特雷马杜拉，而主要的虚拟水进口地区是马德里、巴斯克地区和地中海沿岸的工业化地区。本文展示了西班牙直接和间接用水者的不同位置，以及某些地区的经济贸易和消费模式如何对其他不同且往往更为干旱地区的水资源供应产生重大影响。
