Killewald Alexandra, Gough Margaret
Harvard University.
Am Sociol Rev. 2013 Jun;78(3):477-502. doi: 10.1177/0003122413484151.
Married men's wage premium is often attributed to within-household specialization: men can devote more effort to wage-earning when their wives assume responsibility for household labor. We provide a comprehensive evaluation of the specialization hypothesis, arguing that, if specialization causes the male marriage premium, married women should experience wage losses. Furthermore, specialization by married parents should augment the motherhood penalty and the fatherhood premium for married as compared to unmarried parents. Using fixed-effects models and data from the NLSY79, we estimate within-gender differences in wages according to marital status and between-gender differences in the associations between marital status and wages. We then test whether specialization on time use, job traits, and tenure accounts for the observed associations. Results for women do not support the specialization hypothesis. Childless men and women both receive a marriage premium. Marriage augments the fatherhood premium but not the motherhood penalty. Changes in own and spousal employment hours, job traits, and tenure appear to benefit both married men and women, although men benefit more. Marriage changes men's labor market behavior in ways that augment wages, but these changes do not appear to occur at the expense of women's wages.
当妻子承担家务劳动时，男性可以将更多精力投入到赚取工资上。我们对分工假说进行了全面评估，认为如果分工导致男性婚姻溢价，那么已婚女性应该会经历工资损失。此外，与未婚父母相比，已婚父母的分工应该会加大母亲身份带来的不利影响以及父亲身份带来的优势。我们使用固定效应模型和来自国家青年纵向调查1979年的数据，根据婚姻状况估计了性别内部的工资差异，以及婚姻状况与工资之间关联的性别差异。然后，我们检验了时间利用、工作特征和任期方面的分工是否能够解释观察到的关联。女性的结果不支持分工假说。无子女的男性和女性都获得了婚姻溢价。婚姻加大了父亲身份带来的优势，但没有加大母亲身份带来的不利影响。自己和配偶工作时长、工作特征以及任期的变化似乎对已婚男性和女性都有利，尽管男性受益更多。婚姻以增加工资的方式改变了男性的劳动力市场行为，但这些变化似乎并没有以牺牲女性工资为代价。
