Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Nanotechnology. 2013 Oct 25;24(42):424004. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/42/424004. Epub 2013 Sep 25.
The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most promising power sources to be deployed in electric vehicles, including solely battery powered vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. With the increasing demand for devices of high-energy densities (>500 Wh kg(-1)), new energy storage systems, such as lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries and other emerging systems beyond the conventional LIB, have attracted worldwide interest for both transportation and grid energy storage applications in recent years. It is well known that the electrochemical performance of these energy storage systems depends not only on the composition of the materials, but also on the structure of the electrode materials used in the batteries. Although the desired performance characteristics of batteries often have conflicting requirements with the micro/nano-structure of electrodes, hierarchically designed electrodes can be tailored to satisfy these conflicting requirements. This work will review hierarchically structured materials that have been successfully used in LIB and Li-O2 batteries. Our goal is to elucidate (1) how to realize the full potential of energy materials through the manipulation of morphologies, and (2) how the hierarchical structure benefits the charge transport, promotes the interfacial properties and prolongs the electrode stability and battery lifetime.
锂离子电池（LIB）是最有前途的电动汽车电源之一，包括纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力汽车和混合动力汽车。随着对高能量密度（>500 Wh kg-1）设备的需求不断增加，新型储能系统，如锂-氧（Li-O2）电池和其他超越传统 LIB 的新兴系统，近年来引起了全球对交通和电网储能应用的兴趣。众所周知，这些储能系统的电化学性能不仅取决于材料的组成，还取决于电池中使用的电极材料的结构。尽管电池所需的性能特征通常与电极的微/纳结构存在冲突，但分层设计的电极可以满足这些冲突的要求。这项工作将综述在 LIB 和 Li-O2 电池中已成功使用的分层结构材料。我们的目标是阐明（1）如何通过控制形态来实现能源材料的全部潜力，以及（2）分层结构如何有利于电荷传输、促进界面特性以及延长电极稳定性和电池寿命。
