寡居死亡率模式。
Patterns of widowhood mortality.
机构信息
Correspondence should be addressed to Andrew Fenelon, Population Studies & Training Center, Brown University, 68 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912. E-mail:
出版信息
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014 Jan;69(1):53-62. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt079. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
OBJECTIVES
Becoming widowed is a known risk factor for mortality. This article examines the magnitude of, explanations for, and variation in the association between widowhood and mortality. Previous research on widowhood mortality has revealed variation by socioeconomic status (SES), in that SES is not protective in widowhood, and by gender, such that men's mortality increases more than women's mortality after the death of spouse.
METHOD
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we estimated Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the association between widowhood and mortality.
RESULTS
Becoming widowed is associated with a 48% increase in risk of mortality. Approximately one third of the increase can be attributed to selection, in that those who become widows are socioeconomically disadvantaged. In contrast to previous studies, SES is protective for widows. Widowhood mortality risk increases for men if their wives' deaths were unexpected rather than expected; for women, the extent to which their husbands' death was expected matters less.
DISCUSSION
Widowhood's harmful association with mortality show how strongly social support and individual's health and mortality are related. These findings support the larger literature on the importance of social support for health and longevity.
目的
丧偶是已知的死亡风险因素。本文探讨了丧偶与死亡率之间关联的程度、解释和变化。先前关于丧偶死亡率的研究表明，这种关联存在社会经济地位（SES）方面的差异，即 SES 在丧偶后不能起到保护作用，并且存在性别差异，即配偶去世后男性的死亡率比女性增加更多。
方法
利用健康与退休研究的数据，我们估计了 Cox 比例风险模型，以估计丧偶与死亡率之间的关联。
结果
丧偶与死亡率增加 48%相关。大约三分之一的增加可以归因于选择，即那些成为寡妇的人在社会经济上处于不利地位。与之前的研究不同，SES 对寡妇具有保护作用。如果妻子的死亡是意外而不是预期的，那么丧偶男性的死亡率风险会增加；对于女性来说，丈夫去世的预期程度则不太重要。
讨论
丧偶与死亡率之间的有害关联表明，社会支持以及个人的健康和死亡率之间的关系是多么紧密。这些发现支持了关于社会支持对健康和长寿重要性的更大规模文献。
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