J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013 Nov;24(11):2651-7. doi: 10.1007/s10856-013-5048-5.
Despite the great enthusiasm about tissue engineering during the 1980s and the many significant basic observations made since then, the clinical application of tissue-engineered products has been limited. However, the prospect of creating new human tissues and organs is still exciting and continues to be a significant challenge for scientists and clinicians. A human arm is an extremely complicated biological construction. Considering regrowing a human arm requires asking about the current state-of-the-art of tissue engineering and the real capabilities that it may offer within a realistic time horizon. This work briefly addresses the state-of-the-art in the fields of cells and scaffolds that have high regenerative potential. Additional tools that are required to reconstruct more complex parts of the body, such as a human arm, seem achievable with the already available more sophisticated culture systems including three-dimensional organization, dynamic conditions and co-cultures. Finally, we present results on cell differentiation and cell and tissue maturation in culture when cells are exposed to mechanical forces. We postulate that in the foreseeable future even such complicated structures such as a human arm will be regrown in full in vitro under the conditions of a mechanically controlled co-culture system.
尽管 20 世纪 80 年代人们对组织工程学充满热情，并且此后取得了许多重要的基础观察成果，但组织工程产品的临床应用仍然受到限制。然而，创造新的人类组织和器官的前景仍然令人兴奋，并且仍然是科学家和临床医生面临的重大挑战。人类手臂是一个极其复杂的生物结构。考虑到要重新生长出人类手臂，需要了解组织工程学的当前最新技术水平，以及它在现实时间框架内可能提供的实际能力。这项工作简要介绍了具有高再生潜力的细胞和支架领域的最新技术水平。为了重建更复杂的身体部位，如人类手臂，还需要其他工具，而已经可用的更复杂的培养系统，包括三维组织、动态条件和共培养，可以实现这些工具。最后，我们展示了细胞在受到机械力时在培养中分化以及细胞和组织成熟的结果。我们推测，在可预见的未来，即使是像人类手臂这样复杂的结构，也将在机械控制的共培养系统的条件下在体外完全再生。
