Baker Lindsay B, Heaton Lisa E, Nuccio Ryan P, Stein Kimberly W
Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Apr;24(2):166-76. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0132. Epub 2013 Oct 2.
Sports nutrition experts recommend that team-sport athletes participating in intermittent high-intensity exercise for ≥1 hr consume 1-4 g carbohydrate/kg 1-4 hr before, 30-60 g carbohydrate/hr during, and 1-1.2 g carbohydrate/kg/hr and 20-25 g protein as soon as possible after exercise. The study objective was to compare observed vs. recommended macronutrient intake of competitive athletes under free-living conditions.
The dietary intake of 29 skill/team-sport athletes (14-19 y; 22 male, 7 female) was observed at a sports training facility by trained registered dietitians for one 24-hr period. Dietitians accompanied subjects to the cafeteria and field/court to record their food and fluid intake during meals and practices/competitions. Other dietary intake within the 24-hr period (e.g., snacks during class) was accounted for by having the subject take a picture of the food/fluid and completing a log.
For male and female athletes, respectively, the mean ± SD (and percent of athletes meeting recommended) macronutrient intake around exercise was 1.4 ± 0.6 (73%) and 1.4 ± 1.0 (57%) g carbohydrate/kg in the 4 hr before exercise, 21.1 ± 17.2 (18%) and 18.6 ± 13.2 (29%) g carbohydrate/hrr during exercise, 1.4±1.1 (68%) and 0.9± 1.0 (43%) g carbohydrate/kg and 45.2 ± 36.9 (73%) and 18.0 ± 21.2 (43%) g protein in the 1 hr after exercise.
The male athletes' carbohydrate and protein intake more closely approximated recommendations overall than that of the female athletes. The most common shortfall was carbohydrate intake during exercise, as only 18% of male and 29% of female athletes consumed 3060 g carbohydrate/hr during practice/competition.
运动营养专家建议，参加持续时间≥1小时的间歇性高强度运动的团队运动运动员，在运动前1 - 4小时每千克体重摄入1 - 4克碳水化合物，运动期间每小时摄入30 - 60克碳水化合物，运动后尽快每千克体重每小时摄入1 - 1.2克碳水化合物以及20 - 25克蛋白质。本研究的目的是比较自由生活条件下竞技运动员实际的与建议的常量营养素摄入量。
由训练有素的注册营养师在体育训练设施中对29名从事技巧/团队运动的运动员（年龄14 - 19岁；男性22名，女性7名）的饮食摄入情况进行为期24小时的观察。营养师陪同受试者前往自助餐厅以及场地/球场，记录他们在进餐、训练/比赛期间的食物和液体摄入量。24小时内的其他饮食摄入（如课间零食）通过让受试者拍摄食物/液体的照片并填写日志来记录。
对于男性和女性运动员，运动前后平均±标准差（以及达到建议摄入量的运动员百分比）的常量营养素摄入量分别为：运动前4小时每千克体重1.4±0.6（73%）和1.4±1.0（57%）克碳水化合物；运动期间每小时21.1±17.2（18%）和18.6±13.2（29%）克碳水化合物；运动后1小时每千克体重1.4±1.1（68%）和0.9±1.0（43%）克碳水化合物以及45.2±36.9（73%）和18.0±21.2（43%）克蛋白质。
总体而言，男性运动员的碳水化合物和蛋白质摄入量比女性运动员更接近建议摄入量。最常见的不足是运动期间的碳水化合物摄入量，在训练/比赛期间，只有18%的男性和29%的女性运动员每小时摄入30 - 60克碳水化合物。
