Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;77(2):302-14. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12245.
Detoxification refers to the safe discontinuation from a substance of dependence and is distinct from relapse prevention. Detoxification usually takes between a few days and a few weeks to complete, depending on the substance being misused, the severity of dependence and the support available to the user. Psychosocial therapies alongside pharmacological treatments are essential to improve outcome. The dependencies considered in this overview are detoxification from opioids (with methadone, buprenorphine, α2-adrenoceptor agonists and adjunct medications), alcohol (with benzodiazepines, anti-glutamatergics and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic drugs), stimulants and cannabis (with no clear recommended pharmacological treatments), benzodiazepines (with dose tapering) and nicotine (with nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants and partial agonists). Evidence is limited by a lack of controlled trials robust enough for review bodies, and more research is required into optimal treatment doses and regimes, alone and in combination.
解毒是指安全地戒除依赖物质，与预防复发不同。解毒通常需要几天到几周的时间才能完成，具体取决于所滥用的物质、依赖的严重程度以及使用者可获得的支持。心理社会治疗和药物治疗相结合对于改善结果至关重要。本综述中考虑的依赖包括：阿片类物质（美沙酮、丁丙诺啡、α2-肾上腺素能激动剂和辅助药物）、酒精（苯二氮䓬类、抗谷氨酸能药物和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）能药物）、兴奋剂和大麻（目前尚无明确推荐的药物治疗方法）、苯二氮䓬类药物（逐渐减少剂量）和尼古丁（尼古丁替代疗法、抗抑郁药和部分激动剂）。由于缺乏足够稳健的对照试验，证据受到限制，因此需要更多的研究来确定最佳的治疗剂量和方案，无论是单独使用还是联合使用。
