Liu Pengbo, Escudero Blanca, Jaykus Lee-Ann, Montes Julia, Goulter Rebecca M, Lichtenstein Meredith, Fernandez Marina, Lee Joong-Chul, De Nardo Elizabeth, Kirby Amy, Arbogast James W, Moe Christine L
Center for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Dec;79(24):7875-81. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02576-13. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
Human norovirus (NoV) outbreak investigations suggest that the hands of infected individuals play an important role in NoV transmission. However, there is no experimental evidence documenting the likelihood and degree of NoV contamination on hands. As part of a clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of high-pressure processing for Norwalk virus (NV) inactivation in oysters, 159 hand rinse samples were collected from 6 infected and 6 uninfected subjects. NV was concentrated from the samples by polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by RNA extraction using an automated guanidinium isothiocyanate-silica method. NV RNA was detected and quantified using multiple NV-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. A total of 25.4% (18/71) of the hand rinse samples collected from 6 infected volunteers were presumptively positive for NV, with an average of 3.86 log10 genomic equivalent copies (GEC) per hand. Dot blot hybridization of PCR products obtained using a different primer set, and DNA sequencing of selected amplicons, provided further confirmation of the presence of NV in the hand rinses. NV contamination was also detected in two hand rinse samples obtained from one uninfected subject. These findings provide definitive evidence of NV contamination on the hands of infected subjects observed under controlled clinical research conditions. Such data support the need for better hand hygiene strategies to prevent NoV transmission.
人类诺如病毒（NoV）暴发调查表明，受感染个体的手在NoV传播中起着重要作用。然而，尚无实验证据证明手上NoV污染的可能性和程度。作为一项旨在评估高压处理对牡蛎中诺沃克病毒（NV）灭活效果的临床试验的一部分，从6名受感染和6名未受感染的受试者中采集了159份洗手样本。通过聚乙二醇沉淀从样本中浓缩NV，随后使用自动异硫氰酸胍-硅胶法进行RNA提取。使用多种NV特异性逆转录定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测法检测和定量NV RNA。从6名受感染志愿者采集的洗手样本中，共有25.4%（18/71）推测为NV阳性，平均每只手有3.86 log10基因组等效拷贝（GEC）。使用不同引物组获得的PCR产物的斑点印迹杂交以及所选扩增子的DNA测序，进一步证实了洗手样本中存在NV。在从一名未受感染受试者获得的两份洗手样本中也检测到了NV污染。这些发现为在受控临床研究条件下观察到的受感染受试者手上的NV污染提供了确凿证据。这些数据支持需要更好的手部卫生策略来预防NoV传播。
