Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 Dec;201-202:18-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.013. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
Over the past decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly developed in various biomedical applications such as cell tracking, biosensing, contrast imaging, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Their versatility in design and function has made them an attractive, alternative choice in many biological and biomedical applications. Cellular responses to NPs, their uptake, and adverse biological effects caused by NPs are rapidly-growing research niches. However, NP excretion and its underlying mechanisms and cell signaling pathways are yet elusive. In this review, we present an overview of how NPs are handled intracellularly and how they are excreted from cells following the uptake. We also discuss how exocytosis of nanomaterials impacts both the therapeutic delivery of nanoscale objects and their nanotoxicology.
在过去的十年中，纳米颗粒（NPs）在各种生物医学应用中得到了越来越多的发展，例如细胞跟踪、生物传感、对比成像、靶向药物输送和组织工程。它们在设计和功能上的多功能性使它们成为许多生物和生物医学应用中的有吸引力的替代选择。细胞对 NPs 的反应、它们的摄取以及 NPs 引起的不良生物学效应是快速发展的研究领域。然而，NP 的排泄及其潜在的机制和细胞信号通路仍不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了 NPs 在细胞内是如何被处理的，以及它们在摄取后是如何从细胞中排泄出来的。我们还讨论了纳米材料的胞吐作用如何影响纳米尺度物体的治疗输送及其纳米毒理学。
