Department of Pediatrics, 301 University Blvd, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555, Texas, USA;
Pathogens. 2013 Jun 1;2(2):232-63. doi: 10.3390/pathogens2020232.
Acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the majority of RTIs are caused by viruses, among which respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the closely related human metapneumovirus (hMPV) figure prominently. Host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition, protection and immune pathological mechanisms. Host-viral interactions are generally initiated via host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the virus. This recognition occurs through host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are expressed on innate immune cells such as epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Multiple PRR families, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), contribute significantly to viral detection, leading to induction of cytokines, chemokines and type I interferons (IFNs), which subsequently facilitate the eradication of the virus. This review focuses on the current literature on RSV and hMPV infection and the role of PRRs in establishing/mediating the infection in both in vitro and in vivo models. A better understanding of the complex interplay between these two viruses and host PRRs might lead to efficient prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, as well as the development of adequate vaccines.
急性呼吸道感染（RTI）是全球发病率和死亡率的主要原因，大多数 RTI 是由病毒引起的，其中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和密切相关的人类偏肺病毒（hMPV）尤为突出。宿主固有免疫反应在识别、保护和免疫病理机制中起重要作用。宿主与病毒的相互作用通常是通过宿主对病毒病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的识别而启动的。这种识别是通过先天免疫细胞（如上皮细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞）上表达的宿主模式识别受体（PRRs）来实现的。多个 PRR 家族，包括 Toll 样受体（TLRs）、RIG-I 样受体（RLRs）和 NOD 样受体（NLRs），对病毒的检测有重要贡献，导致细胞因子、趋化因子和 I 型干扰素（IFNs）的诱导，随后促进病毒的清除。这篇综述重点介绍了 RSV 和 hMPV 感染的最新文献，以及 PRRs 在体外和体内模型中建立/介导感染的作用。更好地了解这两种病毒与宿主 PRRs 之间的复杂相互作用，可能会导致有效的预防和治疗方法，以及开发出足够的疫苗。
