Nyamsuren Enkhbold, Taatgen Niels A
Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 15;8(11):e80550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080550. eCollection 2013.
Using results from a controlled experiment and simulations based on cognitive models, we show that visual presentation style can have a significant impact on performance in a complex problem-solving task. We compared subject performances in two isomorphic, but visually different, tasks based on a card game of SET. Although subjects used the same strategy in both tasks, the difference in presentation style resulted in radically different reaction times and significant deviations in scanpath patterns in the two tasks. Results from our study indicate that low-level subconscious visual processes, such as differential acuity in peripheral vision and low-level iconic memory, can have indirect, but significant effects on decision making during a problem-solving task. We have developed two ACT-R models that employ the same basic strategy but deal with different presentations styles. Our ACT-R models confirm that changes in low-level visual processes triggered by changes in presentation style can propagate to higher-level cognitive processes. Such a domino effect can significantly affect reaction times and eye movements, without affecting the overall strategy of problem solving.
通过一个对照实验的结果以及基于认知模型的模拟，我们表明视觉呈现方式会对复杂问题解决任务中的表现产生重大影响。我们基于“集中注意力”纸牌游戏比较了两个同构但视觉上不同的任务中的受试者表现。尽管受试者在两个任务中使用相同策略，但呈现方式的差异导致了截然不同的反应时间以及两个任务中扫描路径模式的显著偏差。我们的研究结果表明，低层次的潜意识视觉过程，如周边视觉中的差异敏锐度和低层次的图像记忆，在问题解决任务中对决策会产生间接但显著的影响。我们开发了两个ACT-R模型，它们采用相同的基本策略，但处理不同的呈现方式。我们的ACT-R模型证实，由呈现方式变化引发的低层次视觉过程变化可以传播到更高层次的认知过程。这种多米诺效应会显著影响反应时间和眼动，而不影响问题解决的整体策略。
