School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Centre for Behavioral and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Environ Int. 2014 Feb;63:40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.009. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Exposure to contaminants, often pesticides, has been implicated as a major factor contributing to decreases in bat populations. Bats provide essential ecosystem services and a sustained, thriving population is vital for ecosystem health. Understanding issues threatening their survival is crucial for their protection and conservation. This paper provides the first review for 12years on organic pollutants in bats and aims to investigate trends and any new issues impacting bat resilience. Organochlorine (OC) pesticides have been reported most often, especially in the older literature, with the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), present at highest concentrations in tissues analyzed. The OC pesticide concentrations reported in bat tissues have declined significantly since the late 1970s, presumably as a result of restrictions in use. For example, DDE study mean concentrations over time periods 1970-1980, 1981-1999 and 2000-2013 ranged from 2.6-62, 0.05-2.31, 0.08-0.19ppm wet weight, respectively. Exposure, however, still occurs from remaining residues, many years after the compounds have been actively used. In recent years (2000-2013), a range of other organic chemicals have been reported in bat tissues including brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ether at a mean concentration of 2.9ppm lipid weight) and perfluorinated compounds (perfluorooctanyl sulfonate at a mean concentration 0.09ppm wet weight). The persistent organic compounds concentrate in tissues with higher fat content notably back-depot fat. Numerous factors influence exposure, residues detected and concentrations in different individuals, species and tissues which must be understood to provide meaningful assessment of the impacts of exposure. Exposure can lead to not only acute and lethal impacts, but also physiological sub-lethal and chronic effects, often linked to the annual cycle of fat deposition and withdrawal. Current challenges for bat conservation include collation of a more extensive and standardized database of bat exposure, especially to current use pesticides and emerging contaminants, and better prediction and definition of toxicity end points notably for the sub-lethal effects. Understanding sub-lethal effects will be of greater importance for sustaining populations in the longer-term.
接触污染物，通常是杀虫剂，被认为是导致蝙蝠数量减少的一个主要因素。蝙蝠提供了重要的生态系统服务，一个持续繁荣的种群对生态系统的健康至关重要。了解威胁它们生存的问题对于保护和保护它们至关重要。本文是 12 年来对蝙蝠中有机污染物的首次综述，旨在调查影响蝙蝠恢复力的趋势和任何新问题。有机氯（OC）杀虫剂报告最多，尤其是在较旧的文献中，组织分析中二氯二苯三氯乙烷（DDT）代谢物二氯二苯二氯乙烯（DDE）的浓度最高。自 20 世纪 70 年代末以来，蝙蝠组织中 OC 农药的浓度显著下降，这可能是由于使用限制所致。例如，DDE 研究的平均浓度随时间变化，1970-1980 年、1981-1999 年和 2000-2013 年分别为 2.6-62、0.05-2.31 和 0.08-0.19ppm 湿重。然而，在化合物被积极使用多年后，仍会因残留而暴露。近年来（2000-2013 年），在蝙蝠组织中还报告了一系列其他有机化学品，包括溴化阻燃剂（多溴二苯醚的平均浓度为 2.9ppm 脂重）和全氟化合物（全氟辛烷磺酸的平均浓度为 0.09ppm 湿重）。持久性有机化合物在脂肪含量较高的组织中浓缩，特别是背部脂肪库。许多因素影响不同个体、物种和组织中的暴露、残留和浓度，必须了解这些因素，以便对暴露的影响进行有意义的评估。暴露不仅会导致急性和致命影响，还会导致生理亚致死和慢性影响，这通常与脂肪沉积和消耗的年度周期有关。目前蝙蝠保护面临的挑战包括收集更广泛和标准化的蝙蝠暴露数据库，特别是对当前使用的农药和新兴污染物的暴露数据库，以及更好地预测和定义毒性终点，特别是亚致死效应。了解亚致死效应对于维持种群的长期生存将更为重要。
